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How to wire 3-phase
E-mail: geno03245w@gmail.com
power generation Buy Related Books:
3-phase power generation book at Amazon
3-phase wiring books at Amazon

Resource:
What is 3-phase/ from power plant to end user/ with illustrations
Electricians forum
Electricity from power plant to distribution substation
Full image
3-phase is 3 Hot wires from power plant: 
Power plant produces 3-phase that is transmitted on 3 Hot wires, plus 1 Neutral. Read about power generation and transmission
Transmission lines bring 500,000 etc volts to substation.
High voltages means lower amps, which mean less heat loss and more transmission distance. Amp rating of power lines
Substation transformers lower voltage to 69,000 etc volts and increase amperage for subtransmission lines that travel to local substations where transformers reduce voltage to 7200 volts that goes to each to each building and home on the distribution lines.

Transformers located at each business or home lower voltage further and raise amperage to provide usable electric power.

Resources:
Electric power distribution system operation 1990/ pdf
Electricity from power plant to end user
Identify transformer wiring
What is electricity
Name part on electric poles
Pulling overhead power wire
3-phase timer
High voltage is needed for transmission and low voltage for end user.
High voltage switchgear is heavy, expensive and dangerous, making high-voltage switches, breakers and appliances impractical for use inside business or home.
Transformers are necessary at each location to lower the voltage and raise amperage.
It works nicely because the lower voltage can be controlled by small switches attached inside the correct metal box or enclosure, while amperage and resulting heat is controlled by correctly sized breaker and wire.
Voltage is the force that pushes the current of electrons (amperage) across and through the matrix (atomic structure) of a conductor (wire).
The wire always offers resistance to the flow of electrons. Resistance is like friction that causes heat on the wire.
If heat on the wire exceeds breaker rating, then the breaker trips.
While voltages remain relatively stable except for brief surge events etc, the flow of amperage varies by the number of loads that are pulling power.
Voltage is measured as a potential between two different conductors, while amperage is measured as a flow of current along a single conductor
Electricity from power plant to distribution substation
Full image
3-phase distribution lines arrive at Business
Power company installs 3 transformers. Tranformers can be wired differently to achieve WYE or Delta.
The primary side can be wired in Dela or WYE ... and the secondary or customer side can also be wired for Delta or WYE.

Voltages are determined by the turns ratio inside each transfomer. Inside each transformer are two sets of coils or windings, the primary and the secondary. Voltages are achieved by varying the number of turns on each coil. If the turns ratio is 30:1 ... primary to secondary ... then the result is 240 volt. Read more about turns ratio
By selecting the correct transformers, with the correct turns ratios, the three transformers can be wired in WYE or Delta to achieve standard voltages at each business.
Voltages include, 208-208-208-120 WHE, 240-240-208-120 high leg Delta, 480-480-480-247 WYE, 600-600-600 volt Delta, 600-600-600-347 WYE etc.
Voltages are standardized so transformers, wires, equipment, appliances, motors etc can be mass produced.

WYE and Delta
If the three coils on the primary or secondary side are wired in series, end-to-end like flashlight batteries. The result is Delta.

If the three coils on the primary or secondary side are wired in parallel, so there is one common Neutral point, then the result is WYE.

-Easy way to identify Delta on 3-transformer bank, each Hot wire connects to two different transformers.
-Easy way to identify WYE on 3-transformer bank, each incoming Hot wire connects to one transformer, and Neutral connects to all three transformers.

Resource:
What is 208 volt
What is high leg Delta
What is 277 volt
Identify transformer wiring
See WYE WYE service
See Delta Delta service
      
3-phase power
Larger image        Original image
Voltage is determined by transformer bank installed by utility: 

3-transformer 3-phase
3 Hot 7200 volt distribution wires arrive at power pole
Drop lines from each hot wire enter 3 separate transformers on the primary coil.
Energizing the primary coil, also energizes the secondary coil. Different end user voltages are achieved by varying the turns ratio on primary and secondary coils. For example 30:1 turns ratio, with 1 turn on the secondary coil for each 30 turns on the primary coil yields 240 volt on the secondary side.

Different transformers and wiring configurations produce Delta or Wye configuration depending on what service is specified for end user.
Options include:
3-wire Primary Wye to 4-wire secondary Wye
3-wire primary Delta to 3-wire secondary Delta
4-wire primary Wye to 3-wire secondary Delta
3-wire primary Delta to 4-wire secondary Wye
Resources:
Identify transformer wiring
See illustrations/ pdf
Generally, 3 secondary Hot wires and a neutral wire drop down to building.
Having Neutral wire gives more voltage options for electrician.
Combination of Hots and neutral give wide variety of voltages in US and across world
240-120V, 208-120V, 230-133V, 400-230v, 415-230v, 480-277V, 600-347V

Resources:
See chart of 3-phase worldwide
Basic-3-phase-transformer-training.pdf
3-phase circuits with basic math/ pdf
Distribution transformers with illustrations/ pdf
Distribution transformers 2 / pdf
Distribution transformers 3/ pdf
Common wiring configurations/ pdf
3-phase open wye and open delta
Larger image
2 transformer 3-phase for smaller loads

Three phase can be achieved using 2 transformers instead of 3 transformers.
Used for smaller installations -or- to provide interrupted service if one transformer goes bad in a 3-transformer bank.
A third transformer can be added if the service is too small and loads exceed capacity of two transformers.
The third transformer adds power efficiencies not found with 2-transformer service.

Typical 2-transformer service is High Leg Open Delta, that delivers 4-wire 3-phase to location.
Open Delta can be identified by 3 drop wires connecting to 1 transformer. and 1 drop connected to other transformer.

Two transformers can also deliver Open WYE, and can supply 4 wires, with 2 sets of single-phase, but not 3 phase. This would generally be found in a repair condition when 1 transformer in a 3-transformer bank fails.

Resource
What is high leg delta
2 transformer 3-phase
Illustration matches photo above showing 3 phase from 2 transformers.
Two Hot wires connect to Primaries on two transformers, wired in Delta configuration.
This illustration shows two-transformers that supply Open Delta.

Different wiring configurations and transformers can create wide variety of standard electrical voltages to meet needs of location.

Resource:
Transformer wiring illustrations
What is high leg delta
What is 208 volts
What is 277 volts
Difference between Delta and Wye
Delta transformer coils are wired in parallel.
WYE transformer coils are wired in series.
Delta has lower amps/ meaning less heat.
For example many transformer banks are wired Delta on the Power company or Primary coils, and Wye on the customer or secondary coils. The reason for this: the primary side voltage can be 4400-7900 volts, and using delta configuration means lower amps which means the manufacturer can use smaller wires on the primary side coils located inside the transformer and save money.
Materials used for the power grid are a balance of cost, safety, and function.
Star-Delta (WYE-delta) is a configuration used for motor starter timers, such as a star-delta timer. Motors consume high amperage during the start. Amps means heat and heat loss. To resolve issue of high-amp high-heat, the motor is started with the star or wye configuration, and after the motor gets going, the circuit is switched to delta for higher efficiency.
How to calculate the voltage for WYE
Test Hot to ground = voltage
Test Hot to Neutral voltage ... the result multiplied by √3 (1.7333) = Hot to Hot voltage
Test Hot to Hot voltage ... the result divided by √3 = Hot to Neutral voltage
Calculations assume balanced voltage across all three lines
3 phase service
Larger image
Different image
3 phase weatherhead, meter and breaker panel
3 Hot wires and 1 Neutral wire arrive at service

Bare aluminum primary hot wires from the power company supply the transformers with high volt low amp electricity.
Transformers convert high voltage to lower volt higher amp electricity.
Insulated secondary wires drop down from the transformers and connect to service rack before being looped into the service cap and down the mast into the meter socket, and then down into a cut-off box and then over to the main breaker box located farther away.

Buy
3-phase service panel
Service cap and mast clamps
7-jaw Meter socket
Cable grip
3-pole breaker

Resources:
Electric service installation/ pdf
3-phase wiring specs/ pdf
3 phase service for small strip center
8 wires: 6 Hots and 2 Neutrals drop down from 3 transformers to supply several stores.
Each business has a separate meter
Electricity for each meter must pass through a safety switch or safety cut off before entering meter box.


3-phase fusable safety switch Typical wiring for 3-phase safety switch
Wire colors vary for service entrance and by type of 3-phase connection..
Safety switches can be fusable and non-fusable depending on local code.
Terminals are marked for Line and Load side.
3-phase meter 3 phase meter has 7 prongs
1 prong for Neutral
3 prongs for incoming Hot wires
3 prongs for Hot wires going to breaker panel
High leg delta: High leg connects to prongs on right of neutral prong
Resource:
Buy 3-phase electric meter
3-phase meter                  3-phase meter without neutral         
With neutral                                                   Without neutral
Larger image                                                       Larger image
Example 3 phase meter box illustration/ 
With and w/out neutral
If service does not have neutral wire, then ground wire still connects as shown.
Meter stabs into meter box.
Always turn off all breakers and electric usage when removing and installing meter to avoid arc and surge
Wires leave meter box and enter the breaker panel

High leg delta: High leg connects to terminals on right of neutral prong, or Line 3.
High leg wiring will have neutral wire

Buy
3-phase service panel
Service cap and mast clamps
7-jaw Meter socket
Cable grip
3-pole breaker

Resources:
3-phase meter box wiring/ pdf
Single-phase meter wiring/ pdf
3-phase meters Meter box illustration:
4-wire
Wye and Delta
Both illustrations are identical for Wye and Delta
Illustration on right shows location of High Leg

Resource:
Example service installation manual
            3-phase wye
More voltages available when panel has Neutral
Look at caption below each illustration on left
For example, without Neutral, then panel has 208Volt
With Neutral, then panel has both 208V and 120V

Test across any two Hot wires shows 208V, while testing Hot to Neutral shows 120V
       Line-to-line voltage = line to neutral voltage x √3
       √3 = 1.732
       120V x 1.732 = 208V
Same with 480V-277V: Test across any two hot wires shows 480V, while testing Hot to neutral shows 277V
Exception is High leg delta, where testing across any two Hot wires shows 240Volts, but testing Hot to Neutral shows 120V or 208V.
See more wiring diagrams/ scroll down page
See wiring diagram for High leg delta/ scroll down page

Resources:
Formulas for 3-phase
Estimate line-to-line voltages
3-phase service panel
Larger image
Example 3 phase breaker panel
Generally 3 hot wires from meter attach to 3-pole main breaker
Neutral connects to Neutral busbar
Ground wire (not shown) connects to ground busbar.
Some services do not have Neutral wire, and neutral busbar might be used for grounding.

If both busbars on either side of hot busbars are used for Neutrals, Then separate ground busbar is added inside panel.
Neutrals and grounds must be on separate busbars to assure direct pathway for ground.

3-pole breakers fit over each 3 Hot busbars
There are 3 hot busbars in 3-phase panel, one busbar for each of the 3 Hot wires that enter the breaker box..
Each hot wire supplies power to separate busbar.
Illustration shows where 3-pole breaker snaps into place.
Safe maximum 80% rated value for non-motor loads: 30 amp breaker x 80% =24 amps.
Motor loads are connected to 175% of current.
*If circuit is loaded up to 80% ampacity, then 6 phase wires can be put in one conduit.
Neutral conductors supplying balanced loads do not have to be counted.
Note: Minimum Circuit size is #12 with 20 Amp CB.''
 If the FLA (full load amperage) is not available and the kVA kilowatts /HP is known, the motor kVA can be determined from following equation:
KVA = (HP)(kVA/HP)
Buy
3-phase service panel
Service cap and mast clamps
7-jaw Meter socket
Cable grip
3-pole breaker
Main lug subpanel
Basic NEC rules and design .pdf
3-pole breakers Buy:
3-pole breaker
3-phase panel, subpanel, and breakers
High voltage tools
High voltage tools High voltage tools

Buy:
High voltage tools
3-phase distribution panel
Larger image
Example 3-phase distribution panel
Shows 120-208 Volt service.
4-wire
3 Hot wires and 1 Neutral enter meter box
3 Hot wires and 1 Neutral enter distribution panel and connect to main breaker.
Main breaker supplies power to 3 separate busbars.

3-pole breakers snap onto the 3 busbars
3-pole breaker supplies 208-208-208 volt power to 3-phase circuit with 3 Hot wires, plus Neutral wire and ground wire

With the Neutral wire, then this panel has both 208V and 120V.
208 divided by √3 (1.732) = 120 volt
120 volt multiplied by √3 (1.732) = 208 volt

So the panel can supply 120 volt outlets:
1 Hot wire is drawn from one leg of a 3-pole breaker
1 Hot and Neutral supply power to 120 Volt outlets.
Neutral
""Neutral current = 1.73 x Line Current. Unbalanced single phase non-linear loads can create elevated neutral current.
Neutral current has a maximum limit. There are formulas for calculating maximum neutral current.
Only 1 phase of the 3 wires carries current at any instant, and the only return path for current is the Neutral, causing more pulses of current to flow on the Neutral than the lines.
In most systems, as few as seven unfiltered devices (even if identical) on line per phase have sufficient effect on pulse width to cause the neutral pulses to start overlapping. During overlap periods, more than one phase is conducting at a time on the three phase lines, with some current being returned on the phase lines, and not in the neutral.
Mathematics shows that oversizing Neutral wire can be necessary in 208Y-120 volt systems. While oversizing Neutral wire is not necessary in 480Y/277 volt. Oversized Neutral and double neutral is often specified for 480Y/277 volt"*

Resource:
*Neutral currents in 3-phase WYE .pdf
3 phase busbar Each hot busbar looks different for ez identification
3-phase breaker snaps over 3 hot busbars
Example 3-pole or 3-phase breaker would snap over 3 hot busbars, and then blue, red and black wires connected to breaker.

3-phase high leg delta Wire colors vary
For example high-leg Delta the high leg is orange colored wire
High leg is orange wire and is always 3rd wire down
Other countries have different wire colors

High leg wire color is orange. High leg delta wire color
3-phase 240Volt
High leg to other legs 240Volt
High leg to Neutral 208Volt
Other legs to neutral 120Volt
Other legs to each other 240Volt
Resource:
Wire color codes at Wikipedia

Larger image
Example single-pole breaker in 3-phase panel
Color added for illustration

Single and double breaker can be added to 3-phase panel
Or single-phase can be drawn from one or 2 poles of a 3-pole breaker.


Balanced load and the electrician
It is generally best to distribute the loads evenly across all three busbars. Small differences are not an issue. However, unbalance can cause motors to spin irregularly and bearings to wear out prematurely, or in worst case, motors slow down, overheat, lose efficiency and burn out.
Whenever single-phase is pulled from 3-phase circuit, it will unbalance the circuit. Some sources point to the Neutral wire, saying if a Neutral is used, it causes imbalance. That's true. But it's also true the circuit is unbalanced if 2 Hot wires are pulled off the 3-phase to provide 208-240-480 volt to unbalanced electric water heater.
Balanced load and the grid
Balanced load in the power business means the 'smart grid'... it includes the transformers located at end users, but it's about how to predict peak demand, find ways to 'store' electricity, and increase efficiency.
Resource:
3-phase water heater
R3-phase motor wiring
Larger image
Example 3 phase circuit
Wire colors vary
3-phase breaker located in panel
3-phase 3-wire goes to contactor (or motor starter) and then to motor.
Grounding indicated, but ground wire not shown
No neutral wire shown, and not needed for example motor circuit
2 Hot wires pulled from 3-phase go to double-pole switch or timer.
Switch or timer activates motor starter or contactor, which starts motor.

Fused disconnected added between breaker and starter and motor, and is located at motor.
Required by code to protect anyone servicing motor and to protect wires and motor from overheat..
Fused disconnect added between 3-phase and double-pole switch or timer.
Required by code to protect anyone working on circuit, and to protect wires, switch and contactor
Resources:
How to wire 3-phase timer
3-phase motor starter wiring/ pdf
Buy:
3-pole contactors at Amazon
3-pole disconnect at Amazon
Leviton MS302-DS 600Volt 30 amp double-pole motor switch at Amazon
MS303-DS 30 amp 3-phase motor starter
3-phase motor starter 3-phase motor starter
T side is for motor
L side is Line from breaker
Wire colors can connect to any of the 3 terminals
Wire colors must be opposite each other on T and L sides
Buy:

3-pole contactors at Amazon
3-pole disconnect at Amazon
Leviton MS302-DS 600Volt 30 amp double-pole motor switch at Amazon
MS303-DS 30 amp 3-phase motor starter
3 phase circuit
Larger image
Schematic showing same circuit above
Wiring from breaker panel to motor

Resources:
How to wire 3-phase timer
3-phase 2-speed eclectic motor
Cooper phase wiring diagrams
3-phase motor wiring diagrams
Formulas for 3-phase
3-pole contactor
Heavy amp loads: 20-90 amps
L terminals for Line wires from breaker
T terminals for load wires

3-pole contactor
3-pole definite purpose Contactor sizes approximately:
20-40 amp 3" tall x 2.4" wide
50-60 amp 3.75" tall x 2.7 wide
75-90 amp 4.5' tall x 3.5 wide
3-pole contactor
Light amp loads: 8-12 amps/ connection for contact block
A1 A2 coil voltage
L terminals for Line wires from breaker
T terminals for load wires
Terminals 13-14 NO / terminals 21-22 NC
Other terminals apply to auxiliary blocks

Resources:
How to wire motor control contactor
Difference between contactor and relay
How to wire 3-phase
DC relays for solar power

DC contactor
DC circuit breaker
Buy 3-pole contactors/ AC ratings
Buy manufacturer:
Packard 3-pole contactor
Brah contactors
Market Forge contactor
Schneider contactor at Amazon
Kripal 3-pole contactor/ they email asking which coil voltage
Furnas contactor at Amazon
Siemens 3-pole contactor
Siemens 3RT motor contactor
Eaton 3 pole contactor with contact block connection
Allen-Bradley 3 pole contactor
Migro contactor
Fasco 3-pole contactor
Mars 2-pole and 3-pole contactors at Amazon


By coil voltage and amp rating

3 pole 24Volt coil
40 amp 3-pole 24V coil Packard
50 amp 3-pole 24V coil Mars
60 amp 3-pole 24V coil Packard
75 amp 3-pole 24V coil Mars
75 amp 3-pole 24V coil Norak

90 amp 3-pole 24Volt lug connection Norak

3--pole 24 Volt DC coil
Siemens 3RT10 up to 460 volt 5 Hp with auxiliary contacts


3-pole 120Volt coil
25 amp 3-pole 120V coil Brah
30 amp 120 volt coil Packard
30 amp 3-pole 120V coil Brah
30 amp 120 volt Mars
30 amp 120 coil Eaton
40 amp 120V coil at Amazon / Packard
50 amp 120V coil Norak
50 amp 120v coil Mars
50 amp 3-pole Migro
60 amp 3-pole 120Volt coil Packard
60 amp 3-pole 120V coil Mars
75 amp 3-pole 120V coil Norak
75 amp 3-pole 120V coil Mars
90 amp 3-pole 120 volt coil Square D
100 amp 3-pole Kripal

3 pole 208-240Volt coil
30 amp 3-pole 240V coil
30 amp 208-240 coil Mars

40 amp 208-240 volt Eaton
40 amp 208-240 Mars

50 amp 208-240 V Mars
60 amp 240 volt Mars
60 amp 3-pole 240V coil Mars
75 amp 3-pole 240V coil Norak
90 amp 3-pole 240Volt coil Norak
90 amp 3-pole 208-240Volt coil Mars


3 pole 277volt coil
20 amp 3-pole 277V coil Norak
30 amp 277V coil 3-pole Norak
30 amp 277V coil Mars
40 amp 3-pole 277V coil Norak
50 amp 3-pole 277V coil Norak
50 amp 3-pole 277V coil Mars
60 amp 3-pole 277v coil Norak
60 amp 277V coil Mars
75 amp 277V coil 3-pole Norak
75 amp 277V coil Mars
90 amp 277V coil 3-pole lug terminals Norak
90 amp 277 V coil Mars

3 pole 480Volt coil
30 amp 480V coil Mars

40 amp 480V coil at Amazon/ Brah
40 amp 480V coil Noark
40 amp 480V coil Mars
50 amp 480V coil Noark
50 amp 480V coil Mars
60 amp 480V coil Noark
60 amp 480V coil Mars
75 amp 480V coil Noark at Amazon
75 amp 480V coil Mars
90 amp 480V coil Noark at Amazon
90 amp 480V coil Mars

Resource:
Mars-Furnas contactor .pdf
      contact block Contactor blocks/ pneumatic timer attachments.
Activated by mechanical action of contactor, instead of electric current.
On delay timers delay start time./
Once the timer block activates, the countdown begins.
When countdown ends, the timer's internal relay activates.
Adding timer block, allows the contactor to control additional circuit with time delay.

Buy Contactor blocks at Amazon
Delay contact block at Amazon
Resources:
How to wire delay contact block

Larger image
Square D transformer
Larger image
Type 3R outdoor enclosure
On-site transformers/

Buck boost: Can be used to buck down or boost up voltages by 5-10%
Encapsulated transformers: Can convert 240Volt to 120Volt etc
These 4 coil transformers are wired as insulating transformers, but can be wired as autotransformer.
Choose more KVa than needed for load.

Buy encapsulated transformer:
500 watt 240-120 volt step down
1000 watt 240-120 volt step down
1000 watt step down
2000 watt 240 volt to 120 volt step down
Encapsulated transformers

Buy buck boost:
150 watt Square D 120-240 volt to 24-12 volt
Square D buck boost
Buck boost transformer
Siemens transformer
Square D transformers at Amazon
Allow 12" clearance top and sides

Resource:
Buck boost transformers vs industrial transformers
Buck boost transformer wiring
Larger image
Example: Buck-boost transformer wiring
Primary wiring input:
480Volt primary input connects to H1 H4, and then H2 and H3 are connected together
OR
240Volt primary input connects to H1 H4, and then H3 connects to H1, and H2 connects to H4
Secondary wiring output
240Volt secondary output connects to X1 X4, and then X2 and X3 are connected together
OR
120Volt secondary output connects to X1 X4, and then X3 connects to X1, and X2 connects to X4
Buy:
Square D transformers at Amazon
Transformer configurations
Example 3-phase Transformer configurations
Inside each transformer are 2 coils of wire. The primary coil and secondary coil.
The primary coil connects to high voltage from utility, and not shown in these illustrations.
The secondary coil connects to customer service.
The secondary coil is shown in each illustrations, but not the primary coil.
Generally, there are three transformers at each 3-phase service.
Each squiggly line in illustration represents secondary coil inside each of the 3 transformers.
Some transformers have more than 1 primary and 1 secondary coil
Resource:
How to identify transformer wiring
Transformer basics
3-phase wye with neutral
Larger image
Wye with Neutral and Ground
Shows secondary winding outputs from 3 transformers to panel
3-phase wye with ground
Larger image
Wye and ground/ no Neutral
Shows secondary winding outputs from 3 transformers to panel
3-phase delta
Larger image
Delta and ground/ No Neutral
Shows secondary winding outputs from 3 transformers to panel
High leg delta
Larger image
High leg Delta/ with ground and Neutral
Shows secondary winding outputs from 3 transformers to panel
High leg uses orange wire
High leg delta Delta primary coil and High-leg delta secondary coil inside 3 transformers
Shows 3 transformers, and shows both primary winding and secondary winding basics inside each transformer, plus secondary output potentials that will connect to service panel
Primary coil (or winding) is connected to 3-phase utility wires arriving at pole.
Secondary coil is connected to service wires that feed into service panel and circuit breakers.
Configuration shows Delta primary coil. And High leg delta secondary coil.

If coil inside transformer is wound in Delta configuration, there is no point where equal potential can be made between line and neutral.
The midpoint winding S3 is tapped which gives 120V or 208 volt to line.
S1 coil on one side of delta and S2 coil on other side of delta cannot carry 120Volt loads.
Center tap on S3 coil is used for all 120Volt loads, plus S3 coil is used for 1/3 all 3-phase loads, causing potential imbalance.
120Volt loads must not exceed 5% of total Kva to preserve balance across 3 phase lines
The wild leg, or Leg B, or Phase B, is illustrated as Secondary B, and is marked with orange dot since the orange wire connects to this leg

High leg wire color is orange. High leg delta wire color
Resource:
Read Wikipedia about high-leg delta

How to wire 3-phase outlets and surge protection
3-phase wiring 3 phase outlets and plugs have locking blades
3-phase terminals are marked X-Y-Z-G or X-Y-Z-W-G

Hot Hot Hot Neutral Ground
If device is marked X Y N G, then it is considered single phase even though it has 4 wiring terminals

Buy:
3-phase locking outlet
3-phase locking plug
3-phase wiring
Larger image
277 480 Three Phase WYE
480 volts across line-to-line
277 volts line-to-neutral

All Wye connections provide two voltages due to the common point or neutral connection.

Line-to-line voltage = 480V
Line-to-neutral voltage = 277V
277 Volt x √3 = 479.778 Volt

√3 = 1.7320

3-phase wiring
Larger image
277 480 Three Phase WYE
4-wire
480 volts across line-to-line
277 volts line-to-neutral
Shows equipment ground

3-phase 4-wire 277-480 volt surge protection
Buy:
AG4803C3 Type 1 Type 2

Resources:
AG series sell sheet/ pdf
277 480 3-phase WYE
Use AG4803CE surge protector

Larger image
Three Phase 480V
3-wire
480 volts across line-to-line
No system ground
Shows equipment ground
480 3 phase delta
Use AG4803D3 surge protector
Three Phase 480V delta corner ground
4-wire
480 volts across line-to-line

3-phase wiring
Larger image
120 208V 3-phase wye
4-wire
208 volts across line-to-line
120 volts line-to-neutral

3 phase 4 wire 208-120 volt surge
Buy:
AG2083C3 Type 1 Type 2/ 

Resource:
3 phase 120V-208V / 208-208 volt surge protection manual
3-phase wiring
Larger image
120 208V 3-phase wye
3 phase 4 wire
208 volts across line-to-line
120 volts line-to-neutral
Shows equipment ground
120 208 3-phase wye
Use AG2083C3 surge protector
120 208V 3-phase wye surge protection
Intermatic AG208C3 Surge protection
Buy:
AG2083C3 Type 1 Type 2/ 

Resource:
3 phase 120V-208V / 208-208 volt surge protection manual

208 Volt 3-wire delta
3 Phase 3 wire 208 No Neutral

Phase to phase 208V
3-phase wiring
Larger image
347 600V three phase wye

600 volts across line-to-line
347 volts line-to-neutral
3-phase wiring
Larger image
347 600V three phase wye

600 volts across line-to-line
347 volts line-to-neutral
Shows equipment ground

3 phase 4 wire 600 volt surge protection
Buy:
AG6503C3/ Type 1Type 2

Resources:
3 phase 277V 480V surge protection manual

347 600 3 phase wye
Use AG65033 surge protector
347 600V three phase wye
Intermatic AG65033 Surge Protection

Buy:
Intermatic surge protection

Resource:
How to wire 3-phase surge protection
How to wire 600 volt outlet
Larger image
Three Phase 600V

600 volts across line-to-line

No system ground

Shows equipment ground
How to wire 240 volt outlet and plug
Larger image
Three phase 250V

250V across each line

No ground
240 Delta 3-phase
Use AG2403D3 surge protector
how to wire 3-phase Three phase 250V

250V across each line

With ground
High leg DeltaHigh leg delta   120-240 High leg Delta
Intermatic AG2403C3 surge protection

Black Line to Black Line 240V
Black Line to Neutral 120V
Red or Orange Line to Neutral 208V

3-phase 4-wire 4-wire High leg delta surge
Buy:
AG2403C3 Type 1 Type 2

Resources:
3 phase high leg delta surge protection manual
120 240 high leg delta
Use AG2403C3 surge protector
240-480 High leg Delta
Phase to phase 480V
Phase A Phase C to Neutral 240V
Phase B high leg to Neutral 415V
Voltages are doubled compared with 120-240 high leg




How to wire 480 volt outlet and plug
Larger image
277 480 Volts Single phase

With equipment ground
277 480 single phase
Use AG48013 Surge protector
wire 3-phase 125 250 Volts Single phase

With equipment ground
277 480 Volts Single phase surge protection

Single phase 277-480V surge
Buy:
AG48013 Type 1 Type

Resources:
Single phase 277-480 / 480-480 volt surge manual/ pdf
3-phase wire size
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3-phase Wire and Breaker size chart
3 phase non-simultaneous water heater
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3-phase water heater non-simultaneous
Unbalanced
Both elements are never ON at same time.
Always use ECO-protected thermostat on upper and lower
Elements will heat with any applied voltage
Each element has volts and watts listed on side.
Volts squared divided by watts = correct ohm rating to test if element is good.

Resource:
Wiring diagrams and information about 3-phase water heaters
3-phase timer 3-phase timer
Buildings with 3-phase power normally have Neutral wire used to power ordinary 120Volt outlets.

1) Use 120 Volt timer.
2) Install 3-pole contactor with 120Volt coil
3) Timer controls 120Volt coil.
4) 3-pole contactor turns 3-phase power ON-and-OFF.

Resource and diagrams:
How to wire 3-phase timer
Support the economy:
Buy water heaters from my associate links:

50 gallon Gas water heaters at Amazon
40 gallon gas water heaters at Amazon
50 gallon Electric water heaters at Amazon
40 gallon electric water heaters at Amazon
Hybrid / heat pump/ water heaters at Amazon

Resources:
How to install gas water heater
How to install electric water heater
Troubleshoot gas water heater
Troubleshoot electric water heater
Point of use water heaters
Resources:
Troubleshoot Gas valves with manuals
Icon gas valve

How to replace water heater element Waste King disposal
How to wire tankless electric


Install point of use water heater
Titan tankless

Contactors/ relays
Install and troubleshoot garbage disposal Waste King disposal
Programmable timers

Woods timers
surge protection
Anode rods anode rods
Recirculation system

Tankless recirculation
Point of use water heater
Type 1 and type 2 surge protection surge protection
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Industrial electric

Industrial supplies

Tools and home improvement

Home and garden

Hayward pool
Pentair pool

Southwire electric
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Tools

DEWALT
Black and Decker
Stanley
SKIL
Makita
Porter-Cable
Bosch

Irwin Hand tools
Klein hand tools
Fluke electrical testing
Dremel hobby tools

Campbell Hausfeld air powered
Tekton automotive

Powerbuilt automotive
Saws and saw blades
box timers Resource:
Compare box timers
DPDT timers
Intermatic
Control water heater w/ Z-wave
Intermatic control centers Resource:
Intermatic control centers: and parts
Digital control centers and parts
Tork control centers and parts
Subpanels
All control centers and parts
Enclosures
programmable timer Resource:
Programmable timers
Countdown timers
Off delay timers
On delay timers
Timer modules
Din rail
Twin & one-shot
Woods
Intermatic
Tork
Low voltage power packs Recirculation systems
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