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How
to wire 3-phase E-mail: geno03245w@gmail.com |
| Use only 600 volt wire. Lamp cord, extension cords are not rated 600 volt. Use copper wire only. Aluminum wire is fire risk and should be avoided or installed by professional. 30 amp breaker use 10 gauge / 120-240 volt 30 amp outlet can be installed on 30 amp breaker only/ use 10 gauge wire ... cannot be connected to 15-20-40 amp breaker.  Orange/ #10 gauge wire, with ground ... 30 amp capacity. Safe maximum: 30 x 80% = 24 amps. Buy: 10-2 gauge/ 30 amp 10-3/ 30 amp Southwire electric tools |
Yellow
12 gauge 20 amp 120 volt 20 amp outlet can be installed on 20 amp breaker, but not 15 amp breaker/ use 12 ga wire. ... cannot be connected to 30-40 amp breaker. 1  Yellow/ #12 gauge wire, with ground ... 20 amp capacity. Safe maximum 16 amps. Buy: 12-2 gauge/ 20 amp 12-3/ 20 amp NMB is house wiring UF is underground Rolls of stranded wire HOOK UP Wires |
White
14 gauge 15 amp 120 volt 15 amp outlet, AFCI, GFCI, timer, switch etc can be installed on 15 or 20 amp breaker. Never connect 15 gauge wire to 20-30-40 amp breaker.  White/ #14 gauge wire, with ground ... 15 amp capacity. Safe maximum 12 amps. Buy: 14-2 gauge/ 15 amp 14-3/ 15 amp NMB is house wiring UF is underground |
| 50-60
amp breaker use 6 gauge / 240 volt 50 outlet can be installed on 50 amp breaker only  Buy: 6-2 wire Southwire electric tools NMB is house wiring UF is underground |
40-50
amp breaker use 8 gauge / 240 volt 40 amp outlet can be installed on 40 or 50 amp breaker only  Buy: 8-2 wire Southwire electric tools NMB is house wiring UF is underground |
  Copper ground wire. Every device, load, metal enclosure etc must be grounded. Ground wire must be continuous throughout installation, never switched on-off, never used as a Neutral wire. Generally ... use same size as other wire in circuit Buy: 12 gauge copper ground wire Ground wire Green ground wire Ground pigtails Ground rods/ ground clamps at Amazon |
 Non metallic flexible cables must carry ground wire, but do not have hazard of short circuit causing injury from shock. Armored steel cable can be used as a grounded connection, and will protect wires from damage. Metal can be energized from an insulation failure. All conduit ...metal, plastic ... flexible and rigid ... must be attached to structure, and attached to enclosures, boxes. Movement, damage and deterioration are major cause of electrical failure. Buy: Non-metallic flexible conduit Power whip Armored cable Southwire armored cable cutter Pull boxes |
 Electrical tools must be insulated. Always best to disconnect power, but insulation failure, lack of proper grounding, grounded neutral, lack of GFCI, out-of-code wiring, generator operating without transfer switch, and other problems still pose a risk to anyone working on electric power ... even when breaker is off. Buy: Electrician tools kits KLEIN TOOLS Tools kits IRWIN tools KNIPEX Telephone cable knife Low Voltage Mounting Bracket for Telephone |
 600 volt 12 ga Stranded wire ot THHN wire is good for conduit with multiple wires ... but stranded cannot be installed under screw terminals on outlets, switches, timers etc without risk ... of heat causing splayed strands ....that come loose ... and begin to arc. Connect stranded to short piece of solid copper wire, and attach solid to screw terminal. Do not solder residential or commercial wiring. Project wire, extension cords, thermostat, bell and automotive wire are not rated for residential or commercial wiring. Only wire maked 600 volt can be used for permanent household wiring. Buy: Southwire 600 volt stranded wire Rolls of stranded wire HOOK UP Wires |
 Protect wiring from damage Use nipper instead of pliers or screwdriver for removing staples (and nails). Do not damage cable or wires inside cable. -Code says: Cable SHALL BE secured without damage to the outer covering. NEC sec. 336-15 Buy End cutting nippers at Amazon |
  Electrically insulated tools When removing insulation from wire, do NOT score or put cuts on surface of copper wire. Doing so increases resistance and heat on wire and creates possible weak point. Buy tools: KLEIN TOOLS Wire strippers at Amazon Electric Wire Stripping Machine Linesman pliers Utility knife at Amazon |
 Multimeters Voltage is tested across two separate wires. Ohms or resistance is tested across both ends of same wire. Amperage is tested along one or two points on same wire. Buy: Analog multimeter Multimeters at Amazon Klein multimeter Electric testers at Amazon Clampmeter for testing amp flow on line |
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3-phase
is 3 Hot wires from power plant: Power plant produces 3-phase that is transmitted on 3 Hot wires, plus 1 Neutral. Read about power generation and transmission Transmission lines bring 500,000 etc volts to substation. High voltages means lower amps, which mean less heat loss and more transmission distance. Amp rating of power lines Substation transformers lower voltage to 69,000 etc volts and increase amperage for subtransmission lines that travel to local substations where transformers reduce voltage to 7200 volts that goes to each to each building and home on the distribution lines. Transformers located at each business or home lower voltage further and raise amperage to provide usable electric power. Resources: Electric power distribution system operation 1990/ pdf Electricity from power plant to end user Identify transformer wiring What is electricity Name part on electric poles Pulling overhead power wire 3-phase timer |
| High voltage is needed for
transmission and low voltage for end user. High voltage switchgear is heavy, expensive and dangerous, making high-voltage switches, breakers and appliances impractical for use inside business or home. Transformers are necessary at each location to lower the voltage and raise amperage. It works nicely because the lower voltage can be controlled by small switches attached inside the correct metal box or enclosure, while amperage and resulting heat is controlled by correctly sized breaker and wire. |
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| Voltage is the force that pushes the
current of electrons (amperage) across and through the matrix (atomic
structure) of a conductor (wire). The wire always offers resistance to the flow of electrons. Resistance is like friction that causes heat on the wire. If heat on the wire exceeds breaker rating, then the breaker trips. While voltages remain relatively stable except for brief surge events etc, the flow of amperage varies by the number of loads that are pulling power. Voltage is measured as a potential between two different conductors, while amperage is measured as a flow of current along a single conductor |
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3-phase
distribution lines arrive at Business Power company installs 3 transformers. Tranformers can be wired differently to achieve WYE or Delta. The primary side can be wired in Dela or WYE ... and the secondary or customer side can also be wired for Delta or WYE. Voltages are determined by the turns ratio inside each transfomer. Inside each transformer are two sets of coils or windings, the primary and the secondary. Voltages are achieved by varying the number of turns on each coil. If the turns ratio is 30:1 ... primary to secondary ... then the result is 240 volt. Read more about turns ratio By selecting the correct transformers, with the correct turns ratios, the three transformers can be wired in WYE or Delta to achieve standard voltages at each business. Voltages include, 208-208-208-120 WHE, 240-240-208-120 high leg Delta, 480-480-480-247 WYE, 600-600-600 volt Delta, 600-600-600-347 WYE etc. Voltages are standardized so transformers, wires, equipment, appliances, motors etc can be mass produced. WYE and Delta If the three coils on the primary or secondary side are wired in series, end-to-end like flashlight batteries. The result is Delta. If the three coils on the primary or secondary side are wired in parallel, so there is one common Neutral point, then the result is WYE. -Easy way to identify Delta on 3-transformer bank, each Hot wire connects to two different transformers. -Easy way to identify WYE on 3-transformer bank, each incoming Hot wire connects to one transformer, and Neutral connects to all three transformers. Resource: What is 208 volt What is high leg Delta What is 277 volt Identify transformer wiring See WYE WYE service See Delta Delta service |
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Voltage is determined by
transformer bank installed by utility:
3-transformer 3-phase 3 Hot 7200 volt distribution wires arrive at power pole Drop lines from each hot wire enter 3 separate transformers on the primary coil. Energizing the primary coil, also energizes the secondary coil. Different end user voltages are achieved by varying the turns ratio on primary and secondary coils. For example 30:1 turns ratio, with 1 turn on the secondary coil for each 30 turns on the primary coil yields 240 volt on the secondary side. Different transformers and wiring configurations produce Delta or Wye configuration depending on what service is specified for end user. Options include: 3-wire Primary Wye to 4-wire secondary Wye 3-wire primary Delta to 3-wire secondary Delta 4-wire primary Wye to 3-wire secondary Delta 3-wire primary Delta to 4-wire secondary Wye Resources: Identify transformer wiring See illustrations/ pdf Generally, 3 secondary Hot wires and a neutral wire drop down to building. Having Neutral wire gives more voltage options for electrician. Combination of Hots and neutral give wide variety of voltages in US and across world 240-120V, 208-120V, 230-133V, 400-230v, 415-230v, 480-277V, 600-347V Resources: See chart of 3-phase worldwide Basic-3-phase-transformer-training.pdf 3-phase circuits with basic math/ pdf Distribution transformers with illustrations/ pdf Distribution transformers 2 / pdf Distribution transformers 3/ pdf Common wiring configurations/ pdf |
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2
transformer 3-phase for smaller loads Three phase can be achieved using 2 transformers instead of 3 transformers. Used for smaller installations -or- to provide interrupted service if one transformer goes bad in a 3-transformer bank. A third transformer can be added if the service is too small and loads exceed capacity of two transformers. The third transformer adds power efficiencies not found with 2-transformer service. Typical 2-transformer service is High Leg Open Delta, that delivers 4-wire 3-phase to location. Open Delta can be identified by 3 drop wires connecting to 1 transformer. and 1 drop connected to other transformer. Two transformers can also deliver Open WYE, and can supply 4 wires, with 2 sets of single-phase, but not 3 phase. This would generally be found in a repair condition when 1 transformer in a 3-transformer bank fails. Resource What is high leg delta |
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Illustration matches photo above showing
3 phase from 2 transformers. Two Hot wires connect to Primaries on two transformers, wired in Delta configuration. This illustration shows two-transformers that supply Open Delta. Different wiring configurations and transformers can create wide variety of standard electrical voltages to meet needs of location. Resource: Transformer wiring illustrations What is high leg delta What is 208 volts What is 277 volts |
| Difference
between Delta and Wye Delta transformer coils are wired in parallel. WYE transformer coils are wired in series. Delta has lower amps/ meaning less heat. For example many transformer banks are wired Delta on the Power company or Primary coils, and Wye on the customer or secondary coils. The reason for this: the primary side voltage can be 4400-7900 volts, and using delta configuration means lower amps which means the manufacturer can use smaller wires on the primary side coils located inside the transformer and save money. Materials used for the power grid are a balance of cost, safety, and function. Star-Delta (WYE-delta) is a configuration used for motor starter timers, such as a star-delta timer. Motors consume high amperage during the start. Amps means heat and heat loss. To resolve issue of high-amp high-heat, the motor is started with the star or wye configuration, and after the motor gets going, the circuit is switched to delta for higher efficiency. |
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| How
to calculate the voltage for WYE Test Hot to ground = voltage Test Hot to Neutral voltage ... the result multiplied by √3 (1.7333) = Hot to Hot voltage Test Hot to Hot voltage ... the result divided by √3 = Hot to Neutral voltage Calculations assume balanced voltage across all three lines |
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3
phase weatherhead, meter and breaker panel 3 Hot wires and 1 Neutral wire arrive at service Bare aluminum primary hot wires from the power company supply the transformers with high volt low amp electricity. Transformers convert high voltage to lower volt higher amp electricity. Insulated secondary wires drop down from the transformers and connect to service rack before being looped into the service cap and down the mast into the meter socket, and then down into a cut-off box and then over to the main breaker box located farther away. Buy 3-phase service panel Service cap and mast clamps 7-jaw Meter socket Cable grip 3-pole breaker Resources: Electric service installation/ pdf 3-phase wiring specs/ pdf |
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3
phase service for small strip center 8 wires: 6 Hots and 2 Neutrals supply power to several stores. Each business has a separate meter, safety switch or safety cut off or disconnect before entering breaker box. The service shown receives power from a 3-transformer bank that delivers 4-wire 3-phase 208V WYE or 480V WYE to the building. 3 Hot wires and a Neutral drop down both service masts to the raceway (long hotizontal box located below disconnects and meters). Image shows the power exits the raceway then passes through a 3-phase safety switch or disconnect before entering the meter, after which the power travels via conduit to the main service panel or breaker box (located inside building and not shown). If raceway is not present, then disconnect may not be required. |
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Typical
wiring for 3-phase safety switch Wire colors vary for service entrance and by type of 3-phase connection.. Safety switches can be fusable and non-fusable depending on local code. Terminals are marked for Line and Load side. |
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3
phase meter has 7 prongs 1 prong for Neutral 3 prongs for incoming Hot wires 3 prongs for Hot wires going to breaker panel High leg delta: High leg connects to prongs on right of neutral prong Resource: Buy 3-phase electric meter |
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Example
3 phase
meter box illustration/
With and w/out neutral If service does not have neutral wire, then ground wire still connects as shown. Meter stabs into meter box. Always turn off all breakers and electric usage when removing and installing meter to avoid arc and surge Wires leave meter box and enter the breaker panel High leg delta: High leg connects to terminals on right of neutral prong, or Line 3. High leg wiring will have neutral wire Buy 3-phase service panel Service cap and mast clamps 7-jaw Meter socket Cable grip 3-pole breaker Resources: 3-phase meter box wiring/ pdf Single-phase meter wiring/ pdf |
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Meter
box illustration: 4-wire Wye and Delta Both illustrations are identical for Wye and Delta Illustration on right shows location of High Leg Resource: Example service installation manual |
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More
voltages available when panel has Neutral Look at caption below each illustration on left For example, without Neutral, then panel has 208Volt With Neutral, then panel has both 208V and 120V Test across any two Hot wires shows 208V, while testing Hot to Neutral shows 120V Line-to-line voltage = line to neutral voltage x √3 √3 = 1.732 120V x 1.732 = 208V Same with 480V-277V: Test across any two hot wires shows 480V, while testing Hot to neutral shows 277V Exception is High leg delta, where testing across any two Hot wires shows 240Volts, but testing Hot to Neutral shows 120V or 208V. See more wiring diagrams/ scroll down page See wiring diagram for High leg delta/ scroll down page Resources: Formulas for 3-phase Estimate line-to-line voltages |
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Example
3 phase
breaker panel Generally 3 hot wires from meter attach to 3-pole main breaker Neutral connects to Neutral busbar Ground wire (not shown) connects to ground busbar. Some services do not have Neutral wire, and neutral busbar might be used for grounding. If both busbars on either side of hot busbars are used for Neutrals, Then separate ground busbar is added inside panel. Neutrals and grounds must be on separate busbars to assure direct pathway for ground. 3-pole breakers fit over each 3 Hot busbars There are 3 hot busbars in 3-phase panel, one busbar for each of the 3 Hot wires that enter the breaker box.. Each hot wire supplies power to separate busbar. Illustration shows where 3-pole breaker snaps into place. Safe maximum 80% rated value for non-motor loads: 30 amp breaker x 80% =24 amps. Motor loads are connected to 175% of current. *If circuit is loaded up to 80% ampacity, then 6 phase wires can be put in one conduit. Neutral conductors supplying balanced loads do not have to be counted. Note: Minimum Circuit size is #12 with 20 Amp CB.'' If the FLA (full load amperage) is not available and the kVA kilowatts /HP is known, the motor kVA can be determined from following equation: KVA = (HP)(kVA/HP) Buy 3-phase service panel Service cap and mast clamps 7-jaw Meter socket Cable grip 3-pole breaker Main lug subpanel Basic NEC rules and design .pdf |
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Buy: 3-pole breaker 3-phase panel, subpanel, and breakers High voltage tools |
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High
voltage tools Buy: High voltage tools |
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Example 3-phase
distribution panel Shows 120-208 Volt service. 4-wire 3 Hot wires and 1 Neutral enter meter box 3 Hot wires and 1 Neutral enter distribution panel and connect to main breaker. Main breaker supplies power to 3 separate busbars. 3-pole breakers snap onto the 3 busbars 3-pole breaker supplies 208-208-208 volt power to 3-phase circuit with 3 Hot wires, plus Neutral wire and ground wire With the Neutral wire, then this panel has both 208V and 120V. 208 divided by √3 (1.732) = 120 volt 120 volt multiplied by √3 (1.732) = 208 volt So the panel can supply 120 volt outlets: 1 Hot wire is drawn from one leg of a 3-pole breaker 1 Hot and Neutral supply power to 120 Volt outlets. |
| Neutral ""Neutral current = 1.73 x Line Current. Unbalanced single phase non-linear loads can create elevated neutral current. Neutral current has a maximum limit. There are formulas for calculating maximum neutral current. Only 1 phase of the 3 wires carries current at any instant, and the only return path for current is the Neutral, causing more pulses of current to flow on the Neutral than the lines. In most systems, as few as seven unfiltered devices (even if identical) on line per phase have sufficient effect on pulse width to cause the neutral pulses to start overlapping. During overlap periods, more than one phase is conducting at a time on the three phase lines, with some current being returned on the phase lines, and not in the neutral. Mathematics shows that oversizing Neutral wire can be necessary in 208Y-120 volt systems. While oversizing Neutral wire is not necessary in 480Y/277 volt. Oversized Neutral and double neutral is often specified for 480Y/277 volt"* Resource: *Neutral currents in 3-phase WYE .pdf |
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Each
hot busbar looks different for ez
identification 3-phase breaker snaps over 3 hot busbars Example 3-pole or 3-phase breaker would snap over 3 hot busbars, and then blue, red and black wires connected to breaker. |
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Wire
colors vary For example high-leg Delta the high leg is orange colored wire High leg is orange wire and is always 3rd wire down Other countries have different wire colors High leg wire color is orange.  3-phase 240Volt High leg to other legs 240Volt High leg to Neutral 208Volt Other legs to neutral 120Volt Other legs to each other 240Volt Resource: Wire color codes at Wikipedia |
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Example
single-pole
breaker in 3-phase panel Color added for illustration Single and double breaker can be added to 3-phase panel Or single-phase can be drawn from one or 2 poles of a 3-pole breaker. |
| Balanced load and the
electrician It is generally best to distribute the loads evenly across all three busbars. Small differences are not an issue. However, unbalance can cause motors to spin irregularly and bearings to wear out prematurely, or in worst case, motors slow down, overheat, lose efficiency and burn out. Whenever single-phase is pulled from 3-phase circuit, it will unbalance the circuit. Some sources point to the Neutral wire, saying if a Neutral is used, it causes imbalance. That's true. But it's also true the circuit is unbalanced if 2 Hot wires are pulled off the 3-phase to provide 208-240-480 volt to unbalanced electric water heater. Balanced load and the grid Balanced load in the power business means the 'smart grid'... it includes the transformers located at end users, but it's about how to predict peak demand, find ways to 'store' electricity, and increase efficiency. Resource: 3-phase water heater |
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Example
3 phase
circuit Wire colors vary 3-phase breaker located in panel 3-phase 3-wire goes to contactor (or motor starter) and then to motor. Grounding indicated, but ground wire not shown No neutral wire shown, and not needed for example motor circuit 2 Hot wires pulled from 3-phase go to double-pole switch or timer. Switch or timer activates motor starter or contactor, which starts motor. Fused disconnected added between breaker and starter and motor, and is located at motor. Required by code to protect anyone servicing motor and to protect wires and motor from overheat.. Fused disconnect added between 3-phase and double-pole switch or timer. Required by code to protect anyone working on circuit, and to protect wires, switch and contactor Resource: How to wire 3-phase timer 3-phase motor starter wiring/ pdf Buy: 3-pole contactors at Amazon 3-pole disconnect at Amazon Leviton MS302-DS 600Volt 30 amp double-pole motor switch at Amazon MS303-DS 30 amp 3-phase motor starter |
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3-phase
motor starter T side is for motor L side is Line from breaker Wire colors can connect to any of the 3 terminals Wire colors must be opposite each other on T and L sides Buy: 3-pole contactors at Amazon 3-pole disconnect at Amazon Leviton MS302-DS 600Volt 30 amp double-pole motor switch at Amazon MS303-DS 30 amp 3-phase motor starter |
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Schematic
showing same circuit above Wiring from breaker panel to motor Resource: How to wire 3-phase timer 3-phase 2-speed eclectic motor Cooper phase wiring diagrams 3-phase motor wiring diagrams Formulas for 3-phase |
 Heavy amp loads: 20-90 amps L terminals for Line wires from breaker T terminals for load wires  3-pole definite purpose Contactor sizes approximately: 20-40 amp 3" tall x 2.4" wide 50-60 amp 3.75" tall x 2.7 wide 75-90 amp 4.5' tall x 3.5 wide  Light amp loads: 8-12 amps/ connection for contact block A1 A2 coil voltage L terminals for Line wires from breaker T terminals for load wires Terminals 13-14 NO / terminals 21-22 NC Other terminals apply to auxiliary blocks Resources: How to wire motor control contactor Difference between contactor and relay How to wire 3-phase DC relays for solar power   |
Buy
3-pole contactors/ AC ratings Buy manufacturer: Packard 3-pole contactor Brah contactors Market Forge contactor Schneider contactor at Amazon Kripal 3-pole contactor/ they email asking which coil voltage Furnas contactor at Amazon Siemens 3-pole contactor Siemens 3RT motor contactor Eaton 3 pole contactor with contact block connection Allen-Bradley 3 pole contactor Migro contactor Fasco 3-pole contactor Mars 2-pole and 3-pole contactors at Amazon By coil voltage and amp rating 3 pole 24Volt coil 40 amp 3-pole 24V coil Packard 50 amp 3-pole 24V coil Mars 60 amp 3-pole 24V coil Packard 75 amp 3-pole 24V coil Mars 75 amp 3-pole 24V coil Norak 3--pole 24 Volt DC coil Siemens 3RT10 up to 460 volt 5 Hp with auxiliary contacts 3-pole 120Volt coil 25 amp 3-pole 120V coil Brah 30 amp 120 volt coil Packard 30 amp 3-pole 120V coil Brah 30 amp 120 volt Mars 30 amp 120 coil Eaton 40 amp 120V coil at Amazon / Packard 50 amp 120v coil Mars 50 amp 3-pole Migro 60 amp 3-pole 120Volt coil Packard 75 amp 3-pole 120V coil Mars 90 amp 3-pole 120 volt coil Square D 100 amp 3-pole Kripal 3 pole 208-240Volt coil 30 amp 3-pole 240V coil 30 amp 208-240 coil Mars 40 amp 208-240 volt Eaton 40 amp 208-240 Mars 50 amp 208-240 V Mars 60 amp 240 volt Mars 60 amp 3-pole 240V coil Mars 90 amp 3-pole 208-240Volt coil Mars 3 pole 277volt coil 3-pole contactors with 277V coil 30 amp 277V coil 50 amp 3-pole 277V coil Mars 60 amp 277V coil Mars 75 amp 277V coil Mars 90 amp 277 V coil Mars 3 pole 480Volt coil 30 amp 480V coil Mars 40 amp 480V coil Mars 50 amp 480V coil Noark 50 amp 480V coil Mars 60 amp 480V coil Mars 75 amp 480V coil Mars 90 amp 480V coil Mars Resource: Mars-Furnas contactor .pdf |
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Contactor
blocks/ pneumatic timer attachments. Activated by mechanical action of contactor, instead of electric current. On delay timers delay start time./ Once the timer block activates, the countdown begins. When countdown ends, the timer's internal relay activates. Adding timer block, allows the contactor to control additional circuit with time delay. Buy Contactor blocks at Amazon Auxillary contact block at Amazon LADT2 with 30 second delay Dayton contact block Resources: How to wire delay contact block |
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On-site transformers/
Buck boost: Can be used to buck down or boost up voltages by 5-10% Encapsulated transformers: Can convert 240Volt to 120Volt etc These 4 coil transformers are wired as insulating transformers, but can be wired as autotransformer. Choose more KVa than needed for load. Buy encapsulated transformer: 500 watt 240-120 volt step down 1000 watt 240-120 volt step down 1000 watt step down 2000 watt 240 volt to 120 volt step down Encapsulated transformers Buy buck boost: 150 watt Square D 120-240 volt to 24-12 volt Square D buck boost Buck boost transformer Siemens transformer Square D transformers at Amazon Allow 12" clearance top and sides Resource: Buck boost transformers vs industrial transformers |
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Example:
Buck-boost
transformer wiring Primary wiring input: 480Volt primary input connects to H1 H4, and then H2 and H3 are connected together OR 240Volt primary input connects to H1 H4, and then H3 connects to H1, and H2 connects to H4 Secondary wiring output 240Volt secondary output connects to X1 X4, and then X2 and X3 are connected together OR 120Volt secondary output connects to X1 X4, and then X3 connects to X1, and X2 connects to X4 Buy: Square D transformers at Amazon |
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Example
3-phase
Transformer configurations Inside each transformer are 2 coils of wire. The primary coil and secondary coil. The primary coil connects to high voltage from utility, and not shown in these illustrations. The secondary coil connects to customer service. The secondary coil is shown in each illustrations, but not the primary coil. Generally, there are three transformers at each 3-phase service. Each squiggly line in illustration represents secondary coil inside each of the 3 transformers. Some transformers have more than 1 primary and 1 secondary coil Resource: How to identify transformer wiring Transformer basics |
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Wye
with Neutral and Ground Shows secondary winding outputs from 3 transformers to panel |
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Wye
and ground/ no Neutral Shows secondary winding outputs from 3 transformers to panel |
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Delta
and ground/ No Neutral Shows secondary winding outputs from 3 transformers to panel |
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High
leg Delta/ with ground and Neutral Shows secondary winding outputs from 3 transformers to panel High leg uses orange wire |
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Delta
primary coil and High-leg
delta secondary coil inside 3 transformers Shows 3 transformers, and shows both primary winding and secondary winding basics inside each transformer, plus secondary output potentials that will connect to service panel Primary coil (or winding) is connected to 3-phase utility wires arriving at pole. Secondary coil is connected to service wires that feed into service panel and circuit breakers. Configuration shows Delta primary coil. And High leg delta secondary coil. If coil inside transformer is wound in Delta configuration, there is no point where equal potential can be made between line and neutral. The midpoint winding S3 is tapped which gives 120V or 208 volt to line. S1 coil on one side of delta and S2 coil on other side of delta cannot carry 120Volt loads. Center tap on S3 coil is used for all 120Volt loads, plus S3 coil is used for 1/3 all 3-phase loads, causing potential imbalance. 120Volt loads must not exceed 5% of total Kva to preserve balance across 3 phase lines The wild leg, or Leg B, or Phase B, is illustrated as Secondary B, and is marked with orange dot since the orange wire connects to this leg High leg wire color is orange. Resource: Read Wikipedia about high-leg delta |
| How to wire 3-phase outlets and surge protection | ||||
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3 phase outlets and plugs have
locking blades 3-phase terminals are marked X-Y-Z-G or X-Y-Z-W-G Hot Hot Hot Neutral Ground If device is marked X Y N G, then it is considered single phase even though it has 4 wiring terminals Buy: 3-phase locking outlet 3-phase locking plug |
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277
480 Three
Phase WYE 480 volts across line-to-line 277 volts line-to-neutral
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277 480 Three Phase WYE 4-wire 480 volts across line-to-line 277 volts line-to-neutral Shows equipment ground 3-phase 4-wire 277-480 volt surge protection Buy: AG4803C3 Type 1 Type 2 Resources: AG series sell sheet/ pdf |
 Use AG4803CE surge protector |
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Three
Phase 480V 3-wire 480 volts across line-to-line No system ground Shows equipment ground |
 Use AG4803D3 surge protector |
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Three
Phase 480V delta corner ground 4-wire 480 volts across line-to-line |
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120
208V 3-phase wye 4-wire 208 volts across line-to-line 120 volts line-to-neutral 3 phase 4 wire 208-120 volt surge Buy: AG2083C3 Type 1 Type 2/ Resource: 3 phase 120V-208V / 208-208 volt surge protection manual |
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120 208V
3-phase wye 3 phase 4 wire 208 volts across line-to-line 120 volts line-to-neutral Shows equipment ground |
 Use AG2083C3 surge protector |
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120
208V 3-phase wye surge protection Intermatic AG208C3 Surge protection Buy: AG2083C3 Type 1 Type 2/ Resource: 3 phase 120V-208V / 208-208 volt surge protection manual |
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208 Volt
3-wire delta 3 Phase 3 wire 208 No Neutral Phase to phase 208V |
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347
600V three phase wye 600 volts across line-to-line 347 volts line-to-neutral |
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347
600V three phase wye 600 volts across line-to-line 347 volts line-to-neutral Shows equipment ground 3 phase 4 wire 600 volt surge protection Buy: AG6503C3/ Type 1Type 2 Resources: 3 phase 277V 480V surge protection manual |
 Use AG65033 surge protector |
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347
600V three phase wye Intermatic AG65033 Surge Protection Buy: Intermatic surge protection Resource: How to wire 3-phase surge protection |
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Three
Phase 600V 600 volts across line-to-line No system ground Shows equipment ground |
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Three
phase 250V 250V across each line No ground |
 Use AG2403D3 surge protector |
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Three
phase 250V 250V across each line With ground |
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120-240 High leg Delta Intermatic AG2403C3 surge protection Black Line to Black Line 240V Black Line to Neutral 120V Red or Orange Line to Neutral 208V 3-phase 4-wire 4-wire High leg delta surge Buy: AG2403C3 Type 1 Type 2 Resources: 3 phase high leg delta surge protection manual |
 Use AG2403C3 surge protector |
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240-480
High leg Delta Phase to phase 480V Phase A Phase C to Neutral 240V Phase B high leg to Neutral 415V Voltages are doubled compared with 120-240 high leg |
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277
480 Volts Single phase With equipment ground |
 Use AG48013 Surge protector |
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125 250
Volts Single phase With equipment ground |
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Single phase 277-480V surge Buy: AG48013 Type 1 Type Resources: Single phase 277-480 / 480-480 volt surge manual/ pdf |
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3-phase Wire and Breaker size chart |
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3-phase water heater
non-simultaneous Unbalanced Both elements are never ON at same time. Always use ECO-protected thermostat on upper and lower Elements will heat with any applied voltage Each element has volts and watts listed on side. Volts squared divided by watts = correct ohm rating to test if element is good. Resource: Wiring diagrams and information about 3-phase water heaters |
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3-phase
timer Buildings with 3-phase power normally have Neutral wire used to power ordinary 120Volt outlets. 1) Use 120 Volt timer. 2) Install 3-pole contactor with 120Volt coil 3) Timer controls 120Volt coil. 4) 3-pole contactor turns 3-phase power ON-and-OFF. Resource and diagrams: How to wire 3-phase timer |
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Resource: Compare box timers DPDT timers Intermatic Control water heater w/ Z-wave |
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Recirculation systems |
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