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Resource: Safe elecrtric wiring
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Terminology
for electric wiring Resource: Safe elecrtric wiring |
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Volts
= Amperes X Ohms Amperes = Volts/Ohms Ohms = Volts/Amperes Watts = Volts X Amperes Watts = (Volts X Volts) / Ohms Watts = Amperes X Amperes X Ohms Ohms = Watts / (Amperes X Amperes) |
| Volts are the force that push amps (current of
electrons) through the matrix (atomic structure) of a conductor (wire). Volts x amps = watts (power). Volts do not change on the grid except for brief spikes due to lightning or surge. The number of amps rises and falls depending on power consumption. The conductor has natural resistance (measured in ohms) to the flow of current (amperage). When more amps are required for power consumption, the wires get hot because the voltage keeps pushing more and more amps against the matrix of the wire. If too many amps are getting pushed down the conductor, the conductor can overheat and cause fire. The grid is a balance of these factors in constant effort to maximize safety, efficiency, supply and reliability, plus the added dynamic of cost. |
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| Buy Best basic electric book Electric book series Basic electric book/ very detailed House wiring Resource: My simple illustrations and wiring: Do it yourself electric Email and I'll make illustration geno03245w@gmail.com |
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| Resources: Water heater formulas/ pdf Water heater formulas 2/ pdf Troubleshot household electricity What is 3-phase See inside household electricity Basic home electricity Figure volts amps watts |
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Electric books:
More technical Linemans electric book Power generation by Singh 3-phase power generation book at Amazon Electric Power generation books at Amazon 3-phase wiring books at Amazon |
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Circuit breakersResources:Water heater is tripping breaker How to replace circuit breaker How to wire gfci Can AC breaker be used for DC breaker How to reset circuit breaker Not enough space for circuit breakers Circuit breakers How to install subpanel Why you need ground wire Match breaker and wire size How to wire subpanel See inside breaker box How to wire safety switch How to wire whole house surge protector |
| Terminology for wiring Load = light bulb, motor, fan, heater, pump etc; Total load = add up wattage on all Loads. Resistive Load: incandescent light bulb, heating element have uniform voltage and amp draw; Inductive load: motor, pump etc. Inductive loads pull more amps during start up. Load rating... light bulb shows wattage, label on water heater shows volts-watts, timer labels show rating for inductive or resistive etc Figure volts amps watts Volts x amps = watts Water heater formulas .pdf Hot wire = wire or wires that carry voltage potential and would shock you if breaker was on Image residential breaker box Neutral wire = by code, a white wire used for 120V and 277V circuits to complete circuit, and carries no voltage Ground wire = green or bare copper wire that connects to ground busbar in breaker box Why ground is needed 208 and 240 volt single-phase circuits have 2 Hot wires. (US electric) Image residential breaker box Some countries have 230-240Volt circuits with 1 Hot and 1 Neutral (instead of 2 Hot wires). What is 208 volt 120 and 277 volt circuits have 1 Hot and 1 Neutral / Usually 277volt is found in commercial applications (US) What is 277 volt Standard voltages in US and Americas include 12V 24V 120V 208V 240V 277V 480V 600V etc found in various applications Voltages around the world vary depending on country. Standard voltages make it possible to mass produce wires, breakers, appliances etc. 60Hz or 60 cycle = number of times AC generator rotates each second. Americas use 60 Hz power, while other countries use 50Hz. Read more DC direct current is generated by solar panels and batteries. Large arc when switching high voltage DC is fire hazard. Device must show DC rating. Read about DC vrs AC AC alternating current produced by power plant, windmill, or portable generator. More Single-phase = residential electrical systems are single phase AC, requiring 2 wires to complete circuit More Three-phase = commercial wiring requiring 3 Hot wires to complete circuit More Wire gauge = diameter of wire. The wire size and load rating and breaker must match Select wire and breaker Breaker: circuit breaker is overcurrent protection that will trip when amp draw from Load or short circuit overheats wire. Turn breaker fully off and then fully on. Jumper = short wire used to connect 2 electrical points together. Fuse: A piece of metal, connected in the circuit, that melts and interrupts the circuit when excess current flows. Transformer = converts voltage and amperage ratio on a line. Cell phone charger, doorbell transformer, LED driver are examples of changing 120 volt into safe, low voltage applications. On the grid, transformers are used to supply 120-240 to household, and other voltage combinations to local business and industry. Insulation = Common usage: electric wires are coated with insulation to isolate each wire from coming into contact with other wires. Removing the insulation is necessary when connecting wires. Professional usage: The action of isolating sources of electricity from coming into contact with other wires, boxes, earth, people, appliances, etc is referred to as insulation. A fault, where electricity has reached earth unexpectedly or breeched a layer of containment, is known as an insulation failure. In motors: motor insulation is classified by maximum allowable operating temperature. |
| Thermal trip The breaker has detected an overload. Resolution: Remove excessive loads from the circuit. The breaker has detected a short circuit. Resolution: Identify the location of the short circuit and resolve. The breaker was manually turned off. |
| Series arc Description: A low current arc typically found in worn or degraded appliance and extension cords, poor connections in appliances or fixtures, or in contacts within equipment. Identify the equipment causing the tripping, and repair or replace. |
| Parallel arc Description: High current arc between two conductors, usually found in installed wiring where the wire has been compromised by a nail or screw, tight staple, and damaged insulation. Resolution: Replace wire. |
| Ground fault Description: Current has found an alternate path to ground, which could cause harm to people or property. |
Ohm's lawNobody can say exactly what electricity is.We can describe what it does... it is the force that moves electrons across the surface of a conductor. For example a copper wire is a conductor, and electricity can be used to move electrons down the wire. When the electrons arrive at a light bulb, electricity pushes the electrons across a narrow filament inside the bulb. The filament is also a type of wire, except smaller than regular electric wire. When electrons are pushed across the small wire, the wire becomes hot, and begins to glow. The glowing wire becomes the light from the light bulb. How do we know what size wire and how much electricity is needed to cause the light bulb to give off light without also causing the larger wire to get hot? That's where ohm's laws is used. While we can't say exactly what electricity is, we can predict what it will do using ohm's law. Ohm's laws are a series of formulas that help electricians and engineers design functional electrical and electronic systems. The basic formulas are shown in the ohms law wheel. Ohms laws have been used in common practice for many decades. Over time, reports arise about the peculiar things electricity can do... such as jump across wires and cause shorts and fires. The practical experience over time, plus application of ohms laws has given rise to the National Electric Code. The code is a guideline that standardizes wire and breaker sizes, and establishes best practices. The practical application of ohm's law and the code lets electricians safely wire a house or a business. |
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