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Which is best heat pump water heater?
Answer: AO Smith/ State/ American/ Lochinvar
2019/ 
General scope of analysis
Who sells Heat Pumps? GE, Bosch and HTP are no longer making heat pumps... there are 4 companies to choose from and each has different offering.... with AO Smith and Rheem offering a selection that are also sold under other brand names, and Steible and Bradford offering their brand.
All brands of heat pump heaters are good.
All brands are expensive, large and heavy when they arrive, and heavier when filled with water.

Energy standard mandates Heat Pump.
April 2015 energy standard mandates Heat Pumps for any electric heater over 50 gallon. Home with 6 people or oversized bathtub typically requires first hour delivery 80 gallons (the amount of usable hot from one continuous draw). The 80 gallon Heat Pump can supply 80 gal first hour. But installing two ordinary 40 or 50 gallon heaters can likewise supply 80 gal first hour without the ongoing regular maintenance required of Heat Pumps: cleaning air intake each 6 months, cleaning the evaporator coil once per year, and maintaining condensate tray and drain tube to ensure no blockage.
Resources:
Two water heaters
2015-Department-of-Energy Rule on Water Heaters /pdf

All brands heat water use same technology, and get same result.
All have approximately same operating parameters with only minor differences.
All brands have heat pump, hybrid, and elements modes that work same way. They automatically switch to elements when heat pump cannot keep up. Each has vacation mode that keeps water temps above freezing.
Unless installed in unheated garage etc, all heat pumps use ambient temperature of home to heat water ... basically consuming energy from HVAC to heat water while claiming astounding energy savings vs heaters that do not leech energy from other sources.

All brands require adequate incoming and outgoing air space
700-800 cubic feet is typical.... 10x10x7 room ... 2 louvered doors ... or 8" duct
"Installation in a confined space will lead to higher power consumption if adequate ventilation is not provided."
All models have optional 8" diameter duct system to bring in air supply and expel air that passes across the evaporator coil

EUF numbers are not considered.
EUF varies by heating mode, which will vary throughout any day depending on mode and if elements are being used.
EUF is NOT 'efficiency' ... it's a testing procedure set by government mandate, with manufacturers expected to do their own testing lol.
The variability of heating mode, questionable policy of self testing, and leeching energy from HVAC render EUF meaningless..

Differences in electronic gadgetry
Electronics increase vulnerability to surge on all heat pump brands. Simple power outage can destroy electronics.
Electronics increase repair costs for heat pumps ... and across the board for all appliances, water heaters, timers, TVs, cars etc.
Wifi offered by Rheem compromises privacy.
Ordinary residential electric water heaters are mechanical, and are not exposed to same risk of repair expense and loss of function. Install whole house surge inside main breaker box or type 3 surge at heat pump unit.Circuit can have multiple surge protection. The closer the protection is to Load, the better it protects.
Resource:
How to install whole house surge protector

My analysis does not include price or availability.

but it urges folks to compare total cost of buying and running a heat pump vs ordinary electric heater. When the average $400 repair or maintenance bill is factored into purchase price plus the yearly operating cost divided by expected life of heat pump, it significantly alters the supposed saving from heat pump in favor of ordinary tank-type electric heater .... that cost less to buy ... cost more to operate yearly ... but can be maintained to last indefinitely ... and can be repaired quickly and easily DIY using generic parts.
 Resources:
Read heat pump cost analysis
Two water heaters

My analysis emphasizes product resources such as parts sheet and service manual
... which narrows my recommendation to AO Smith/ State/ American/ Lochinvar (all AO Smith brand except sold under different names)
Why? AO Smith brands post parts sheets and service manuals.
Aside from service manuals, the instruction manual shows 4 pages of maintenance required to keep unit in tip-top shape to support efficiency and longevity ... cutting overall cost of owning heat pump.

All brands of heat pumps make noise.
"Install where typical home appliance sound will not cause disturbance."
55 decibels is loud enough to interrupt normal conversation
Heat pump or Hybrid water heater?
All models have back up elements so they are Heat Pump Hybrids because they use the refrigeration cycle (heat pump) and back up elements (hybrid)
Heat pump means the unit uses a compressor and the refrigeration cycle to heat water.
 ... it works the reverse way a window air conditioner uses refrigeration cycle to cool a room.
Hybrid means a mixture of energy sources for heating water
 ...it means using the heat pump compressor to draw heat from ambient room temperature and transfer to water
... and using heat elements for back up heating when the heat pump cannot keep up.
Resources:
How the heat pump works .pdf

Service manuals affect my recommendation
***Service manuals are available for AO Smith, American, State, Lochinvar models ..
Instruction manuals include maintenance and repair tips.
Useful manuals are why I recommend these brands (each the same as AO Smith)
 Why? Because service information empowers folks to learn and work on DIY solutions that give lifelong benefit ... and a service manual gives you that advantage.

Resources
-AO Smith 10-year warranty Service manual for 50-66-80 gallon models
-Lochinvar 10 year warranty heat-pump Service Handbook for 50-66-80 gallon models/ pdf
-80 gallon 6-year heat pump service manual

Bradford White has a good service brief and parts sheet, making my recommendation higher than Rheem and Stiebel. Bradford service brief

No service manuals for Rheem and Steible.
This is why I do not recommend these brands outright, otherwise they are reliable products that perform as expected.
Rheem
-Rheem manual tells you to call for service ... and their parts sheet only shows basic external parts but not a full list of parts ... as if the public should remain powerless, uninformed and dependent on paying someone else for basic work they can learn ...
-Their basic instruction manual doesn't even cover maintenance steps.
-You cannot 'create an account to access rheem library' without having a contractor number associated with Rheem dealership ... which narrows your choice of repairmen, which probably increases price of repair since only certain folks can access repair information and order parts ...
-Lockdown of information means Rheem demands exclusive rights to any repairs and is reason I do not recommend Rheem
Why I do not recommend rheem water heaters
Compare 80 gallon heat pumps/ 4 different brands
AO Smith all 3 models, Rheem all 3 models, Bradford White makes 1 model, Stieble Eltron makes 1 model
Model Gallon
rating of tank
Warranty:
Tank and parts.
Labor 1 year all models
First hour delivery...
80 gal for oversized tubs
Temp
set
range
Anode...
Prevents tank from rusting
Volt and
amp
 Elements... can be replaced with any wattage 8" Duct kit  Water connections Digital interface...
Install whole house surge protector in main panel to protect electronics
Air temp range for Heat pump operation Sound
level
AO Smith heat pump manuals
AOSmith
HPTU
82 10 year 84 gal 95-
140°
2 Stainless
anodes
2 gives longer life
208-240
30 amp
60 Hz
Two 4500 watt
Generic
Yes 3/4" IP
side
Programmable up to 99 days. Mode/
Diagnostics
45–120°F N/A
AOSmith
FTPU
80 6-year 84 gal 95-
140°
2 Stainless
anodes
208-240
30 amp
60 Hz
Two 4500 watt
Generic
Yes 3/4" IP
side
Programmable up to 99 days. Mode/
Diagnostics
45–120°F N/A
AOSmith
HHPT
77 6 year 73 gal 95-
150°
Powered
anode is best type
240
30 amp
4500 & 2000 watt
Generic
Yes 3/4" IP
side
Communicates current status Mode/
Diagnostics
45–109°F N/A
Stieble heat pump manuals
Stieble
300E
75x27
79.8 10 year 74 gal 95-
149°
Powered
Anode
220-240
15 amp
50-60 Hz
1500 watt
Generic
Yes 1" IP
side
Communicates current status Mode/
Error Messages
42–108°F 60
DBA
Bradford heat pump manuals
Bradford
RE2H80
75 10 year 77 gal N/A Magnesium
Shorter life less odor
208-240
30 amp
60 Hz
4000 &
4500
Generic
Yes
100'
3/4"
Top
Communicates Current Status Mode/
Error Messages
35-120°F
best for zone 3
55 DBA
Rheem heat pump manuals
Rheem
Prestige
72 10 year 89 gal
w 30A
elements
Max
140°
Resistor
anode
unproven to add benefit
30A
15A
5000
or
2250
Yes 3/4" IP
side
wifi
water sensor
Mode/
Error Messages
37-145°F 49 DBA
Rheem
Platinum
72 10 year 89 gal
w 30A
elements
Max
140°
Resistor
anode
30A
15A
5000
or
2250
Yes 3/4" IP
side
wifi
water sensor
Mode/
Error Messages
37-145°F 49 DBA
Rheem
Builder
72 10 year 89 gal
w 30A
elements
Max
140°
1 Anode unspecified 30A NA Yes 3/4" IP
side
wifi
Energy usage reporting
Mode/
Error Messages
37-145°F 53 DBA
Installation/ maintenance
Brand Minimum Room size without duct kit Min intake space away from wall Min repair space away from wall Min exhaust space in front Condensate/ TP valve drain required  Washable Air intake screen
each 6 months
Evaporator coil needs cleaning yearly Maintenance cleaning steps show in manual Service manual
AO Smith
brands
750 ft³
10´ x 9' x 8´
Air intake on top 6"
3 feet best
3 feet min
6 feet best
Yes Yes Yes Yes
4 pages
Yes
Stieble
Eltron
800 ft³
10´ x 10´ x 8´ 
15-3/4"  8"
6 feet Yes Yes
13-3/4" headroom
Yes Yes
1 page
No
Bradford
White
700 ft³
10´ x 10´ x 7´
Undetermined 7"
"Free and clear" Yes Yes
8" headroom
Yes Yes
1 page
Service brief
Rheem
Ruud
700 ft³
10´ x 10´ x 7´
Air intake on top 6"

Yes Yes Yes Barely
1 paragraph
No

Non comparable: Considerations true for all types

Heat pump water heater zone chartLocation 
-must be free from corrosive elements in the atmosphere such as sulfur, fluorine, and chlorine ... found in aerosol sprays, detergents, bleaches, cleaning solvents, air fresheners, paint, and varnish removers, refrigerants, and many other commercial and household products.
-must be free from excessive dust and lint may affect the operation of the unit.
-heater should be located where tank or connection leakage will not damage the area or lower floors of structure.

Ambient air temperature must be considered.
-in Efficiency Mode the ambient air temperature must be above 45°F and below 109°F ... variable by brand
-if ambient temperature falls outside the upper and lower limits, then electrical elements activate to meet hot water demand and heat pump does not operate.

Cold temperatures mean less efficiency
Heat pump water heaters are most useful in hot-or-warm climates.
 In cold climates, heat pump efficiency drops when back-up heat elements are used to heat water.
During winter, the furnace is heating the air that heat pump uses to heat water.
So you are heating water using the furnace, which is not efficient, and cancels estimated savings predicted by owning Heat Pump..

Attic/ High heat:
avoid exposing water heater to temperatures over 120°F
Heat pump will revert to elemets if heat is too high
Illustration from Rheem/ altered to scale with shading and wording added

-Depending on need, the Heat Pump can be installed with duct ... with just the inlet duct, or just outlet duct, or both inlet and outlet duct.
Installing louvered doors is another option to increase uninhibited air flow
Resource:
Example Ducting manual


The air fileter on all heat pumps must be cleaned periodically
All brands heat pump must be installed level to ensure proper drainage of the condensate tray located under the evaporator coil.
All brands must have a floor drain to route flow of water safely away from causing damage to property. The water is just condensed moisture taken from surrounding room. If climate or location is arid, with little moisture in air, then the condensate drain will produce little or no water.
The condensate drain must be cleaned periodically.
GE heat pump condensate drainAll brands of heat pump produce condensation
Condensate lines need to be kept clean to prevent damage to home

How it works: Fan pulls air from room into evaporator Warm moist air passing through evaporator causes water to condensate on coils and drip down into condensate tray. Water empties out of tray into condensate drain line and flows to bottom of water heater. 
If condensate drain is clogged, water will drip down side of water heater.
Condensate line should drop down side of tank and terminate at or above adequate floor drain. 
Some people use a bucket and then dump bucket periodically. Don’t let water in bucket get higher than drain line. Use a pump to evacuate condensate water into household drain. 
Check and clean condensate drain lines periodically
Remove condensate line, take outdoors, use wire to make sure ends are open, swing line around over head to clean tubing, and then rinse outdoors. Water inside tube is not clean and contains bacteria. Let soak in bleach.
Clean heat pump condensate line



Clean evaporator coil once per year

Clean evaporator fins All water heaters need periodic maintenance. Heat pump water heater requires more maintenance than ordinary electric water heater. Ordinary electric water heater needs less maintenance than heat pump. Evaporator may not be easy to access because of compressor, fan blade and housing. Typical Water heater maintenance 
Maintaining full output might require occasional professional cleaning of evaporator. Undo screws and remove water heater cover. Remove air filter as needed. Carefully clean evaporator fins. Only use water and a soft brush. Tape a soft-bristle toothbrush to a stick. Never use acidic or alkaline cleaning agents 
If evaporator has not been wet, then use compressed air to blow out dust. Do not expect detailed instructions or illustrations in product manual.

heat pump energy guideResearch says: 
Overall, heat pump ''succeeds in providing hot water for all scenarios tested and can maintain a high level of performance, even at low ambient temperatures.'
Cost of operating heat-pump water heater/ html

Yes heat pumps work as promised, but....
claim of savings is tempered by purchase price, noise, need 10 x10 space for installation (or a duct kit), yearly maintenance, limited life of product, cost of repairs and parts, and other factors.
Heat pump blows cold air into room, which lowers ambient room temperature and ... heat pump can work against itself.
Works against HVAC ... using energy from HVAC to heat water.
Best suited for warm climate where ambient air temperature is warm ... for example installing heat pump in unheated Florida garage would yield better result than installing inside home and expecting HVAC to heat your hot water while heat pump claims credit for energy savings.

All Costs are energy,
so total energy-cost equals cost of water heater, plus installation, plus expected repairs-and-parts, plus disposal-recycling cost, divided by years of tank life. These numbers are added to monthly energy cost to measure true energy cost & efficiency of a water heater.
Government/industry efficiency numbers consider only energy cost per gallon of heated water.

Resources:
How to install meter on electric water heater
Gov laboratory evaluation of heat pumps 2011 (unknown who paid for research)
If the overall reason we are using Heat Pumps is to save energy, save the planet, conserve resources ... all greenie weenie ... then

Where are the before and after meter readings from homes that saved so much money using Heat Pumps?
Put up the REAL science ...add a small hour meter to each water heater ... couldn't cost more than a bit on the retail end...
Rheem offers some sort of metering if you connect using their wifi app ... but then your personal information is compromised.

Heat pumps are well made for what they do. 
Corporations make claims to sell products. That's legal. That's what it takes. They don't give rats about the result afterwards.
But if these corporations that have co-opted our government want to restore any kind of credibility to theirselves and perhaps save the planet and country from chaos, they might consider the truth first... unlikely as that is to sell products, which is why any facks n claims made on behalf of the heat pump are suspect at best.

Remember that a government rebate is you borrowing money from yourself to buy a product you wouldn't ordinarily buy ... so the question becomes... if the numbers don't add up without a rebate, why would you loan yourself money to buy it anyway? And more to the point, who the hell is running your government to make such a decision for you?
It might be an effort to perform grand experiments, which is remotely plausible, except who is compiling data for the experiment? The stockholders of companies selling the products?
This applies to rooftop solar PV systems and Heat Pumps and a host of other big ticket items in 2019 that supposedly SAVE ENERGY ... go green they cry ... coal n oil are bad, puke ... ok, it's true ... except all costs are energy ... if the solar panels push a trickle of electrons (let's say 20 amps) into the system, not enough to run the 30 amp Heat Pump water heater more than an hour or two a day maybe, and the solar panels cost more to buy than the power they generate ... then how is that saving energy?
The only way that makes sense is to argue that all costs are NOT energy ... that costs are far inflated and what matters is you hurry up and buy a product so ... so ... you can feel better thinking you're doing your part?? For crying out loud, move into a trailer with 6 other people without hot water if you want to do your part, except the government would never award that trailer an energy star because it has single-pane windows, despite per capita numbers that could prove it is more efficient than where you live.

My final conclusion
If heat pumps are the miracle cure for global warming, conveniently consolidated into an expensive 300lb piece of machinery, taking up a huge space in your home, requiring maintenance and cleaning, and noisily blowing cold air while using your HVAC to heat water, then bacon can fly.

Exclusion would be heat pumps that operate in unheated garage located in naturally warm climate ... but then why the hell aren't they using solar to heat the water directly instead of buying a colossal machine?

Notes for developing page
review heat pump
refer to review ge heat pump

Which companies to compare?
1) AO Smith-State-American-Kenmore-US Craftmaster-Lochinvar (sell the same)
They have 3 models ... Voltex/ 50-66-80 gallon size ... wide variety 
196 lbs ... 289 lbs .... 307 lbs
Efficiency (full heat pump/ no elements), Hybrid (heat pump + elements), or Electric (two 4500 watt elements), or vacation (50°F) modes
10 year warranty Spec sheet
10 & 6 year Spec sheet
6 year Spec sheet
They have commercial grade heat pump
Service manuals for all models available
Dual anode rods on 66 and 80 gallon ... Anode with stainless steel core
All AO Smith heat pump manuals

2) Stiebel Eltron... ''heat pump not hybrid hot water, and no back-up element''?.... but wait it has 1 2150 watt element, only requires 15 amp breaker
1 model: Accelera- 50-80 gallon/   264 lbs and  297.6 lbs
220 E 50 gallon and 300 E 80 gallon
First hour delivery 50 and 74 gallon (lower because they have 1 element)
Spec sheet
No Service manual available
Power anode rod
Stieble Eltron heat pump manuals

3) Bradford White
1 model: AeroTherm- 50-80 gallon/ 195lbs and 235lbs
First hour delivery 65 and 87 gallon
Spec sheet
No service manual available
Regular anode rod
Bradford White heat pump manuals

4) Rheem-Richmond-Ruud (sell the same)
3 models: Builder, Platinum., Premium
50-66-80 gallon
10 year limited tank and parts warranty
Rheem heat pump manuals

Looks like AO Smith and Rheem are the big dogs with most models ... same as they offer with regular water heaters.
AO Smith incorporates more brands, such as State, American, Craftmaster, Lochinvar, GSW, Whirlpool, Kenmore etc ... maybe Richmond and Giant ... their service manuals are valuable resource
Bradford White is affiliated with Bock I think ... typically Bradford posts service manuals for their products. They have a useful troubleshoot guide and parts sheet but there is no specific service manual for the heat pump ... otherwise their manuals and resources are totally valuable for the DIY repair of their heaters and other brands of water heaters.
Stieble Eltron is a German/ European company that sells in US, mostly known for tankless models has scant pdf resources, but I have not received complaints from customers about Stieble.
Rheem has Ruud and maybe Reliant and a couple others ... and at one time GE brand... their lockout from service manuals is a thorn for trying to post information for DIY folks that my website serves. Why I do not recommend Rheem

Additional comparison should include?
post images of rheem ... find quality Images of Stieble and Bradford

Anode is critical to prevent rusted tank and possibly prolong life of heater.
Who shows anode rod inspection and replacement? Rheem no. Bradford yes, AO Smith yes 
Stieble no?
Access to anode rod is possible on all models, but Rheem doesn't even show anode in the parts sheet... 
none of the manufacturers mention of anode thickness.


Note any maintenance differences...compare with ordinary water heaters that requires no maintenance except anode inspection

Revisit the old GE page and note updates that might show a trend in innovation
Mention 2015 energy standard ..

Lot has changed in past years ... 
generally, warranties are shorter now
If products have improved, then shorter warranty reflects actual value of heat pump vs first intro of product where the warranty over-promised
Older comparison chart/ 2008-11
Older comparison chart
2012 department of energy publication

Integrate with other pages

Connect Heat-Pump to storage tank/ html
Cost of operating heat-pump water heater/ html
Heat pump freon/ html
Review GE-Heat-Pump water heater/ html
GE heat-pump manuals by date/ html
add fan to boiler/ html
get this page updated with amp relay

RE-read the CO2 water heater and research if anything more has appeared in internet since 09
CO2-Heat-pump-water-heater /pdf
Market development CO2 heat pump 2006/ pdf
"CO2 is suitable for home water heaters because it excels in environmental performance and can heat water to temperatures up to 90℃ without a heater."

AO Smith, State, Lochinvar, American etc
AO Smith 50-66-80 gallon / 
10 year warranty HPTU
80 gallon First Hour Rating: 84 Gallons
66 gallon First Hour Rating: 79 Gallons
50 gallon First Hour Rating: 66 Gallons 
Anode: stainless steel core/ dual anodes on 66-80 gallon
 Efficiency mode:  Automatically reverts to heating element if ambient air or water temperatures are outside optimal operating range for heat pump
Hybrid mode automatically adjusts between compressor and element.
or Electric, vacation modes ...
Optional air duct adapter kit allows install in confined spaces 
Washable air filter
208-240 volt 30 amp breaker.. must be connected to power
Condensate drain required
Specs
AO-smith-heat-pump-specs.pdf

AO Smith 50-66-80 gallon / 6 year warranty FTPU 
80 gallon First Hour Rating: 84 Gallons (how much hot water a fully heated tank can deliver in one continuous draw)
66 gallon First Hour Rating: 79 Gallons
50 gallon First Hour Rating: 66 Gallons
Manuals
AO Smith-heat-pump-spec-sheet for 6 and 10 year / pdf
AO Smith FTPU 6-year Voltex-heat-pump-spec-sheet /pdf
American 6-year heat-pump spec sheet/  /pdf
AO-Smith-heat-pump-warranty-6-year-FTPU.pdf


AO Smith 80 gallon 6 year HHPT 
First hour delivery = 80 gallon (how much hot water a fully heated tank can deliver in one continuous draw)
Powered anode rod (best choice)
 Efficiency mode:  Automatically reverts to heating element if ambient air or water temperatures are outside optimal operating range for heat pump
Hybrid mode automatically adjusts between compressor and element.
or Electric, 60°F vacation modes ...
Optional air duct adapter kit allows install in confined spaces 
Washable air filter
240 volt 30 amp breaker.. must be connected to power
Thermostat set point 95°F to 150°F
Condensate drain required
Minimum 750 cubic feet of space without duct kit, minimum 128 cubic feet of space with duct kit
Manuals
AO Smith heat pump warranty 6 year HHPT series
AO Smith  HHPT 6-year heat-pump spec-sheet /pdf
Hybrid-Water-Heater-information-guide 2010 /pdf

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Rheem Ruud
WiFi enabled
Shows service codes, but no repair advice/ no expanded parts sheet
prestige-grade heat-pump spec sheet /pdf
platinum-grade heat-pump spec sheet /pdf
builder-grade heat-pump spec sheet /pdf
Rheem heat-pump warranty /pdf

Bradford White/ Areotherm 50 & 80 gallon
First hour delivery for 50 gallon =  69 gallon (how much hot water a fully heated tank can deliver in one continuous draw)
First hour delivery for 80 gallon =  94 gallon 
Recovery 21 gallon per hour in heat pump mode
50 gallon 59-1/8 x 60-3/4
80 gallon 71-1/8 x 25
One Magnesium Alloy Anode Rod
Optional duct kit ... maximum 100 feet between inlet and exhaust
50 gallon 195 lbs    80 gallon 235 lbs
RE2H80R10B
RE2H50R10B
RE2H50R10
Optional Ducting Kit: Part No. 415-52820-00
Manuals
Bradford White Aerotherm heat-pump specifications /pdf
Bradford White areotherm-heat-pump specifications /pdf
Troubleshoot guide

Stiebel Eltron
 50 gallon.... 264 lbs ....60-13/16 in high x 27-3/16
  80 gallon ... 297.6 lbs    .... 75-1/4 x 27-3/16
Powered anode rod (Impressed current anode)
1" Side port outlets for cold and hot
heat-pump operation-and-promotion /pdf
Stiebel Eltron Accelera-heat-pump-operation-and-specifications /pdf
Stiebel Eltron Accelera-Heat-Pump-Specifications /pdf
Notes:
Check these manuals downloaded from 2011 and before;;;;;;
HTP-heat-pump-manual /pdf
HTP-heat-pump-troubleshooting /pdf
HTP-heat-pump-troubleshoot-and-error-codes /pdf
Bosch-heat-pump-installation-manual /pdf
CO2-heat-pump-water-heater /pdf
Laboratory-evaluation-of-heat-pump-water-heaters /pdf
Older stuff
Eternal-hybrid-water-heater /pdf
Kenmore-Elite-Hybrid-water-heater-manual /pdf
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