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What is difference between surge protection and ground?Difference between GFCI and GroundDifference between neutral and ground E-mail: geno03245w@gmail.com |
| Use only 600 volt wire. Lamp cord, extension cords are not rated 600 volt. Use copper wire only. Aluminum wire is fire risk and should be avoided or installed by professional. 30 amp breaker use 10 gauge / 120-240 volt 30 amp outlet can be installed on 30 amp breaker only/ use 10 gauge wire ... cannot be connected to 15-20-40 amp breaker.  Orange/ #10 gauge wire, with ground ... 30 amp capacity. Safe maximum: 30 x 80% = 24 amps. Buy: 10-2 gauge/ 30 amp 10-3/ 30 amp Southwire electric tools |
Yellow
12 gauge 20 amp 120 volt 20 amp outlet can be installed on 20 amp breaker, but not 15 amp breaker/ use 12 ga wire. ... cannot be connected to 30-40 amp breaker. 1  Yellow/ #12 gauge wire, with ground ... 20 amp capacity. Safe maximum 16 amps. Buy: 12-2 gauge/ 20 amp 12-3/ 20 amp NMB is house wiring UF is underground Rolls of stranded wire HOOK UP Wires |
White
14 gauge 15 amp 120 volt 15 amp outlet, AFCI, GFCI, timer, switch etc can be installed on 15 or 20 amp breaker. Never connect 15 gauge wire to 20-30-40 amp breaker.  White/ #14 gauge wire, with ground ... 15 amp capacity. Safe maximum 12 amps. Buy: 14-2 gauge/ 15 amp 14-3/ 15 amp NMB is house wiring UF is underground |
| 50-60
amp breaker use 6 gauge / 240 volt 50 outlet can be installed on 50 amp breaker only  Buy: 6-2 wire Southwire electric tools NMB is house wiring UF is underground |
40-50
amp breaker use 8 gauge / 240 volt 40 amp outlet can be installed on 40 or 50 amp breaker only  Buy: 8-2 wire Southwire electric tools NMB is house wiring UF is underground |
  Copper ground wire. Every device, load, metal enclosure etc must be grounded. Ground wire must be continuous throughout installation, never switched on-off, never used as a Neutral wire. Generally ... use same size as other wire in circuit Buy: 12 gauge copper ground wire Ground wire Green ground wire Ground pigtails Ground rods/ ground clamps at Amazon |
 Non metallic flexible cables must carry ground wire, but do not have hazard of short circuit causing injury from shock. Armored steel cable can be used as a grounded connection, and will protect wires from damage. Metal can be energized from an insulation failure. All conduit ...metal, plastic ... flexible and rigid ... must be attached to structure, and attached to enclosures, boxes. Movement, damage and deterioration are major cause of electrical failure. Buy: Non-metallic flexible conduit Power whip Armored cable Southwire armored cable cutter Pull boxes |
 Electrical tools must be insulated. Always best to disconnect power, but insulation failure, lack of proper grounding, grounded neutral, lack of GFCI, out-of-code wiring, generator operating without transfer switch, and other problems still pose a risk to anyone working on electric power ... even when breaker is off. Buy: Electrician tools kits KLEIN TOOLS Tools kits IRWIN tools KNIPEX Telephone cable knife Low Voltage Mounting Bracket for Telephone |
Push-on wire connectors in place of twist-on connectorsBuy:Push on wire connectors Amazon Red 3P connector for 10-14 gauge wire Lever connectors for stranded wire at Amazon HOOK UP Wires |
 Protect wiring from damage Use nipper instead of pliers or screwdriver for removing staples (and nails). Do not damage cable or wires inside cable. -Code says: Cable SHALL BE secured without damage to the outer covering. NEC sec. 336-15 Buy End cutting nippers at Amazon |
  Electrically insulated tools When removing insulation from wire, do NOT score or put cuts on surface of copper wire. Doing so increases resistance and heat on wire and creates possible weak point. Buy tools: KLEIN TOOLS Wire strippers at Amazon Electric Wire Stripping Machine Linesman pliers Utility knife at Amazon |
 Multimeters Voltage is tested across two separate wires. Ohms or resistance is tested across both ends of same wire. Amperage is tested along one or two points on same wire. Buy: Analog multimeter Multimeters at Amazon Klein multimeter Electric testers at Amazon Clampmeter for testing amp flow on line |
 GFCI circuit breaker A GFCI circuit breaker will protect all boxes on circuit. Circuit must be grounded. Ground wire must be continuous and connected to each piece of equipment. White wire on circuit breaker must be connected to Neutral busbar inside the breaker panel. Buy GFCI circuit breakers |
Push down 1" wide Push down breaker Plug-in breaker Buy single-pole: Choose from 15 to 60 amp Eaton CL series Siemens 15-60 amp Single-pole tandem breaker Tandem breakers |
Push down 2" wide Push down breaker Plug-in breakers Buy double-pole: Choose from 15 to 125 amp Choose from 15 amp to 200 amp Eaton CL series circuit breaker Siemens circuit breaker Double pole GFCI |
| Surge is overvoltage
caused by motors, grid malfunctions, shop equipment, lightning
etc. Lightning and other transient voltage and current-producing phenomena are harmful to equipment and electronic loads.Voltage is the power that pushes amps or electrons down a wire. Current is amps or number of electrons on wire. SPD (surge protection devices) includes a wide variety of surge current (amp) ratings. SPD is an umbrella designation and includes all types of surge protective products. There are 3 types of
surge:
"Disruptive enters electronics and causes malfunction of logic and lock up. Dissipative is repetitive, pulsing short-duration causing early demise of equipment. Destructive is high level energy that causes immediate failure of equipment." Surge protectors are constantly in use. They wear out. |
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| What does the ground do? To the homeowner, the purpose of ground wire is 1) to protect people and property from short circuits and possible fire by providing unobstructed path for electricity to reach earth. 2) Less known is that the ground also assists and protects the circuit breaker. 3) The ground wire helps protect the home from surge caused by nearby lightning. 4) The ground also assists GFCI by allowing quicker response time. 5) The ground wire functions as the direct pathway for Type 3 surge protectors, for example a surge protection strip on a computer is connected to ground wire. The ground wire is not necessary for Type 1 surge protectors that absorb surge instead of redirecting surge to earth. Type 2 surge protectors are connected to Neutral busbar which is directly bonded to ground wire that is connected to ground rod. In event of massive surge overload, or lightning strike, the ground wire assists all types of surge protectors, breakers, wires and appliances to minimize damage. To the grid, the ground wires and ground rods installed at each home, business, pole, substation, transmission tower, all bonded (connected) together by the Neutral wire back to power plant, is to provide an array of earth connections that stabilize the electrical system by redirecting fire hazards, shorts, power surges from lightning, and high voltage events to earth .... basically the Neutral-ground array lets earth absorb stray voltage to 'balance the equation.' Extreme overloads on transmission and distribution lines that exceed capacity of ground will cause breakers to trip at substation. |
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| So what is difference between
surge protection and ground? Both surge protector and ground are designed to handle too many electrons on the wire, and in this sense, the ground wire is a surge protector Electricity is volts and amps. Volts are the power that push electrons, and amps are the number of electrons on the wire. Volts remain stable unless there is a surge of voltage. Amps or electrons vary depending on usage or demand on the wire. The electrons must reach the ground wire before it can handle the surge. Type 3 surge protectors depend on proper grounding to earth or soil. Whereas Type 1 and 2 surge protectors deal with excess electrons that travel along the hot wires. Lightning can energize any metallic wire. it affects the ground wire and the hot wires. Starting a motor draws heavy amps on the Hot wire. This creates volt-amp differences on other Hot wires that the surge protector must mitigate. To reduce the problem of surge, and lower amp demand on the grid, modern appliances and HVAC motors are required to have 2-stage starting, like a car starting in 1st gear, then 2nd gear, before shifting to high gear. Surge protectors function either by absorbing or redirecting electrons to ground. This means both ground wire and surge protector are needed: the ground wire is necessary for Type 3 surge protection devices to operate, and to protect the electrical system from massive overloads. And the surge protector is needed to handle electron overloads that do not reach the ground wire. -The ground wire handles too many electrons by letting them pass freely. The effectiveness of ground is measured by how little resistance it offers to electrons. The ground is a grid-wide array. The effect of voltage irregularities throughout the grid has a background effect on ground wire resistance at each home and business. There is another dimension to resistance of ground called earth loop. Each circuit has a ground wire. The wire itself offers resistance, as does each connection point along the way. When a Hot wire shorts against a metal box, the current enters the ground wire as a fault. The fault current is pushed through the ground wire to the ground rod. The route the ground wire takes, from box to box to box back to the main panel and then out to the ground rod is called the ground loop, and the ground loop can offer resistance. The less resistance, the faster the fault current can reach earth, and the less damage the fault causes. Too much impedance (resistance), and the fault will cause more damage. Earth loop impedance testing measures resistance in the ground from the farthest point, or at a key piece of equipment. Earth loop testing .pdf The ground loop can cause the earthing to have more resistance, especially if local soils are resistant. This introduces the next point: the earth itself offers resistance: damp-dense-warm soils conduct better than dry-rocky-cold soils with frozen soil offering almost no conductivity. As a result, local codes for grounding vary, as does the need to test for ground loop effect. Ground wires are permanent and do not need to be checked periodically at a home or business unless massive lightning strike melts the wire. -Surge protectors handle too many electrons in a different way, by absorbing-suppressing electrons or by redirecting electrons to ground. Surge protectors are manufactured to meet different magnitudes of surge measured in joules, with more expensive devices generally handling more joules. Surge protectors are constantly in use and wear out over time. Or they are consumed by a single large surge event. Surge protectors must be replaced periodically. Surge protection is an optional device you buy, and must be replaced periodically, to protect appliances and equipment. Surge can be connected anywhere in a business or home, and choice of location determines the type of surge protector needed. Type 3 surge protectors are directly connected to ground wire and can be found on co-ax line, phone line, or plugged into outlet. Type 2 surge is connected to overcurrent protection (circuit breaker), and is also bonded to ground via the neutral wire. Type 1 surge protectors are connected to the Hot wires and have no Neutral or ground or circuit breaker connection, yet all types of surge protectors depend on ground wire array to help reduce magnitude and occurrence of surge. Ground is a permanent, mandatory, array of wires and ground rods found at each electrical installation on the grid for safety and stability. Ground wires are connected at specific points, for example at each switch, outlet, light, appliance, motor, metal enclosure etc. Ground wires either connect directly to a separate ground rod, or back to the ground busbar at the main breaker box and then onto the ground rod installed outside. The ground busbar is bonded to the neutral busbar inside the breaker box. The neutral wire is connected back to the grid transformer where it is bonded to the ground again. The transformer on the pole and any metal conduit are also bonded to a ground wire at each installation on the grid so that all the grounds are bonded together into a single array by the neutral wire that can be traced back to the power plant generator where it is bonded to thousands of grounding points. |
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| SPD
(surge protection device) must provide a
protective level of surge clamping. Protection is measured in Joules. Higher joules means more surge protection. But at some point, the added protection vs risk is not worth spending more. Lightning is main problem when figuring home surge protection. Risk of lightning is higher when home is near pond, high on hill, or sitting alone. Nearby higher structures or multiple structures, will reduce lightning risk. Low risk lightning is 1 mile away. Surge protector will not stop destruction caused by lightning strike within 90-100 feet, depending on event. NO surge protector can protect from a direct lightning strike. For highly destructive, ultra-rapid, overvoltage event protection, a LPS or lightning protection system must be installed. Typical LPS is array of lightning rod with grounded copper cables that enter soil to a depth that meets local ground standards. Grounding is important for preventing surge - Surge can enter the home through the grounding rod. By code all ground rods must be bonded together. The ground rod added for phone or satellite dish is usually not bonded (connected) to the main household ground system. Pool equipment often has a control panel that requires direct bond to ground wire that is connected to ground rod, in addition to ground wire from main panel. Solar panels require a ground rod, and frequently this ground is not bonded with main breaker ground wire and ground rod. To maximize protection from lightning, all ground rods must be connected together to form a large array. This includes the phone, solar panels, outdoor pool equipment etc. Grounding to water pipe is not adequate ground. Pipe is frequently non-conductive plastic. Ground wire must be connected to approved ground rod driven into soil. Older homes without grounding are at greater risk of surge. Homes with improper wiring are at greater risk. Undersized wire, non-code wring such as using ground wire as neutral are at increase risk of hazard and loss. Upgrading service advised. Codes for grounding vary by locale. For example, ground rods work best in warm, dense, wet soil, and perform poorly in cold, loose, dry or rocky soil. |
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Type 3 surge -vrs- Ground Illustration shows two different things: Ground block and Type 3 surge. Ground block is a ground for co-ax, but is not a surge protector. Type 3 surge protectors must be grounded... for example surge protection strip on your computer, or surge protection on the phone and co-ax lines must be connected to ground wire. Type 3 will 'jump the gap' to ground when voltage exceeds rating. Buy: Type 3 surge protectors Co-ax surge protector Telephone surge protection Ground block Ground rod and clamps at Amazon Ground rod driver |
| The “TYPE” designation of
the SPD is determined based on the installation location within an
electrical system. SVR (Suppressed Voltage Rating) ,,, VPL (Voltage Protection Level). Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors (TVSS) have a 'Let-Through' Voltage rating and a Suppressed Voltage Rating (SVR)... designed so they will not create shock or fire hazard if unit subjected to sustained overvoltage event. TVSS are designed to prevent high energy, short duration (typically 2 milliseconds or less) transient voltages from causing damage to an electrical installation. Electromagnetic Interference Filters consist of capacitors and inductors used alone or in combination with each other. The surge environment varies, based on location within a facility, powerline impedance to the surge and total wire length. Other parameters include proximity, type of electrical loads, wiring quality and geographic location. |
Type 1-2
surge protection Type 1 surge protector is connected directly to the Hot and Neutral wires, and not to ground wire nor to the circuit breaker. Type 1 depends on ground array to reduce incoming voltage overloads. Type 1 will respond to surge events that do not reach the ground wire. Type 2 surge protector is connected to overcurrent protection (circuit breaker) and to Neutral busbar. The Neutral busbar is bonded to the ground busbar that is bonded to ground rod. Type 2 depends on ground array to reduce incoming voltage overloads. Type 2 will respond to surge events on the Hot wire that do not reach the ground wire. Buy Type 1 surge protector Type 2 surge protector Resource How to wire surge protectors |
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Proper grounding
array at home will help absorb surge 100' feet away for lighting is the rule of thumb. Anything closer than 100', and nothing can protect against the voltage. Beyond 100' and proper grounding can help redirect the surge into the ground. No system other than lightning rods will protect against direct lightning strike or strike within 100 feet. Move indoors and do not stay on roof, or move metal ladders, or touch anything made of metal when lightning is within 1 mile or can be heard or seen. Bond all ground wires together to help prevent surge & lightning damage Proper grounding requires all boxes and devices to be connected with a ground wire that is adequately connected to a ground rod that is at sufficient depth to reach permanently damp soil, or an array of ground rods with sufficient low resistance to meet local code, and that all grounds rods are bonded together with a common wire. For example if you have a ground rod for TV co-ax, and separate ground rod for phone, and separate ground rod for short wave antenna, and separate ground rod for electricity, they should all be connected with a common ground wire using #6 bare copper or green-coated copper wire. However the ground wire will not always protect electronics etc from damage from lightning ... for this you need a surge protector, suppressor, arrestor ... and possibly lightning rods. Note: surge protection wears out over time ... because it is consumed by the continuous small and large surge that is typical with electric wire and devices. Resources: Why you need ground wire How to wire whole house surge Electricity from grid to main breaker panel Electricity from generator to residence Color code for wire |
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BondingOutdoor solar panels, pool equipment, motors, phone, satellite, co-ax etc must have a separate ground wire. Electrical panels must have a separate ground in addition to ground wire back to main panel. Codes vary on this requirement.What does this mean? Bonding is the connection of metal to a ground wire that is in turn connected to a ground rod driven into the earth to a depth that meets local codes for grounding. Drive ground rod 8-10 feet into soil. Bond #6-8 bare copper wire to ground rod and to solar panels and pipes on roof. Do NOT ground electric system to water pipes. Ground must be connected to ground rod. Stray current corrosion can cause pipes to deteriorate. Uncertain bond to ground because of plastic pipes. Codes for grounding depth vary: loose rocky dry soils are less conductive than dense wet soils Buy: Ground rod and clamps at Amazon Bonding lugs Ground rod driver Buy Best basic electric book Basic electric book/ very detailed Grounding workbook |
| Difference
between: surge, brownout, ground
fault, line noise Surge: too many electrons going down the wire: Cause: grid malfunctions, motors, lightning etc. Result: motors, electronics, machines, timers, appliances, etc can stop functioning or burn out. Solution: install surge protector covered on this page. Brownout: too few electrons on the wire: Undervoltage for ordinary home is generally anything less than 85% rated voltage. Result: light bulbs dim, electronics stop functioning until normal power resumes, motors slow down and overheat. To protect motors from brownout, turn off power. Also read about compressor defender Ground fault: electrons rushing uncontrollably to ground. Also called a short. Will cause circuit breaker to trip. High risk of electrocution if your body is the pathway that electrons follow. Ground wire required for all electric installations. Why you need ground wire. GFCI will react instantly to ground fault, much faster than circuit breaker. Install GFCI circuit breakers and outlets for more dangerous areas: bathroom, kitchen, laundry, outdoors etc. Read more about GFCI Line Noise: electrons behaving erratically instead of flowing predictably: Surge protection is not made to filter line noise... unless specified. Result: Line noise effects devices and processes that require 'clean' electric power. Microprocessor manufacturing requires very clean electric power. Line filters reduce high-frequency line noise broadcast onto household wires caused by using photocopier, arc welder, light dimmer. Modern electronic devices have filters, but some don't. For example, some digital timers might not have a filter. Line noise will scramble timer programming, while voltage surge can completely destroy timer functionality. Press and hold reset button to see if function returns. Buy from my affiliate links: Line noise filter |
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| Difference
between neutral and ground -The Neutral wire runs throughout the grid from power plant generator to end user's electric outlet. -The ground wire is always bonded to the Neutral wire at every point along the way, with large numbers of ground points at power plant and substations. Together they form the Neutral-ground array that stabilizes the grid and absorbs malfunctions, overvoltages, and lightning strike. -The Neutral wire performs an additional function of completing the circuit for some wiring configurations including household single-phase 120 volt Hot-Neutral, and less used 277 volt Hot-Neutral found in some commercial buildings. The ground wire is never used as a Neutral in 120 and 277 volt wiring, otherwise it creates a safety issue if a ground fault enters the device that is using the wire improperly, and causes resistance on the ground, and possible fire, electrocution hazard etc. To perform correctly, the ground must offer no resistance between a short circuit and the earth. -The Neutral wire is used with Type 2 surge protectors. Type 2 surge protectors are connected to overcurrent protection (circuit breaker) and to the Neutral busbar. Some Type 2 are also connected to ground busbar plus Neutral busbar. -The Neutral wire is necessary for GFCI, as explained below. The ground wire must be maintained separately from the Neutral Resource: Why you need ground wire |
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| Difference between GFCI and Ground GFCI is connected to Neutral, but does not depend on the Neutral-ground array. When a short circuit occurs, typically the electrons rush down the ground wire, Hot wire overheats, and breaker trips. However a short circuit will bypass the ground wire if it finds another path to ground, such as your body standing outdoors on wet soil while coming into contact with live electricity, such as handling a frayed extension cord. With this kind of short, the breaker eventually trips, but not before the electricity runs through your body and stops the heartbeat. To prevent this risk, you want to turn off power when working on electricity and use new extension cords, but people make a mistakes. GFCI responds to circuit much quicker than a circuit breaker by responding to difference between the electrons flowing on the Hot wire vrs electrons flowing on the Neutral wire. Both Neutral and Hot should have same number of electrons when power is being consumed, the GFCI trips when electrons are unequal, so the ground wire is not used, nor is a surge protector. GFCI does not wear out like surge protection, and can be reset after trip. Like anything, GFCI can go bad. If GFCI will not reset, then there is a ground fault or device is has gone bad. Replace GFCI device and if device will still not set, then the circuit must be tested to find the ground fault ... do NOT bypass and assume the ground fault is not an issue. Often an ordinary device can be substituted for GFCI and the circuit appears to work fine. However in this example, the GFCI is tripping because of a slow bleed of electrons. A slow bleed only means the electrons have a way to ground, but the way is partially obstructed by resistance caused by some material like frayed insulation. Whatever is causing the resistance is not enough to protect you from electrocution or fire. Buy GFCI GFCI circuit breaker GFCI outlet tester Resource: How to wire GFCI |
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| Use only 600 volt wire. Lamp cord, extension cords are not rated 600 volt. Use copper wire only. Aluminum wire is fire risk and should be avoided or installed by professional. 30 amp breaker use 10 gauge / 120-240 volt 30 amp outlet can be installed on 30 amp breaker only/ use 10 gauge wire ... cannot be connected to 15-20-40 amp breaker. Orange/ #10 gauge wire, with ground ... 30 amp capacity. Safe maximum: 30 x 80% = 24 amps. Buy: 10-2 gauge/ 30 amp 10-3/ 30 amp Southwire electric tools |
Yellow
12 gauge 20 amp 120 volt 20 amp outlet can be installed on 20 amp breaker, but not 15 amp breaker/ use 12 ga wire. ... cannot be connected to 30-40 amp breaker. Yellow/ #12 gauge wire, with ground ... 20 amp capacity. Safe maximum 16 amps. Buy: 12-2 gauge/ 20 amp 12-3/ 20 amp NMB is house wiring UF is underground Rolls of stranded wire |
White
14 gauge 15 amp 120 volt 15 amp outlet, AFCI, GFCI, timer, switch etc can be installed on 15 or 20 amp breaker. Never connect 15 gauge wire to 20-30-40 amp breaker. White/ #14 gauge wire, with ground ... 15 amp capacity. Safe maximum 12 amps. Buy: 14-2 gauge/ 15 amp 14-3/ 15 amp NMB is house wiring UF is underground |
| 50-60
amp breaker use 6 gauge / 240 volt 50 outlet can be installed on 50 amp breaker only Buy: 6-2 wire Southwire electric tools NMB is house wiring UF is underground |
40-50
amp breaker use 8 gauge / 240 volt 40 amp outlet can be installed on 40 or 50 amp breaker only Buy: 8-2 wire Southwire electric tools NMB is house wiring UF is underground |
Copper ground wire. Every device, load, metal enclosure etc must be grounded. Ground wire must be continuous throughout installation, never switched on-off, never used as a Neutral wire. Generally ... use same size as other wire in circuit Buy: 12 gauge copper ground wire Ground wire Green ground wire Ground pigtails Ground rods/ ground clamps at Amazon |
 Armored cable can be used as a grounded connection, and will protect wires from damage. Metal can be energized from an insulation failure. Non metallic flexible cables must carry ground wire, but does not have hazard of short circuit causing injury from shock. All conduit ...metal, plastic ... flexible and rigid ... must be attached to structure, and attached to enclosures, boxes. Movement, damage and deterioration are major cause of electrical failure. Buy: Armored cable Southwire armored cable cutter Non-metallic flexible conduit Power whip Pull boxes |
Electrical tools must be insulated. Always best to disconnect power, but issues of insulation failure, lack of proper grounding, lack of GFCI, out-of-code wiring, generator operating without transfer switch, and other problems pose a risk to anyone working on electric power. Buy: Electrician tools kits Klein tools Tools kits |
 12 ga Stranded wire is good for conduit with multiple wires ... but stranded cannot be installed under screw terminals on outlets, switches, timers etc without risk ... of heat causing splayed strands ....that come loose ... and begin to arc. Connect stranded to short piece of solid copper wire, and attach solid to screw terminal. Do not solder residential or commercial wiring. Buy: Rolls of stranded wire |
Protect wiring from damage Use nipper instead of pliers or screwdriver for removing staples (and nails). Do not damage cable or wires inside cable. -Code says: Cable SHALL BE secured without damage to the outer covering. NEC sec. 336-15 Buy End cutting nippers at Amazon |
Electrically insulated tools When removing insulation from wire, do NOT score or put cuts on surface of copper wire. Doing so increases resistances and heat on wire and creates possible weak point. Buy tools: Wire strippers at Amazon Linesman pliers Utility knife at Amazon |
Multimeters Voltage is tested across two separate wires. Ohms or resistance is tested across both ends of same wire. Amperage is tested along one or two points on same wire. Buy: Analog multimeter Multimeters at Amazon Klein multimeter Electric testers at Amazon Clampmeter for testing amp flow on line |
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