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Carbon monoxide detector for water heater
Water heaters are tested and certified to emit less than 400ppm (parts per million).
Generally less than 50ppm will be measured.

Exposure to more than 70ppm is adverse.
Over 100 ppm is dangerous
Carbon monoxide detector for water heater

All gas appliances must vent out of house to avoid CO poisoning. Remove affected people from house, lay people on side and never on back, call for emergency assistance.

Bad water heater draft, or venting, can cause backdraft where toxic byproducts travel down vent pipe, entering home  ... this causes poison CO (carbon monoxide) gas to enter house (instead of poisoning the air outside) ... symptoms of vent problem can be soot on top of old heater, soot on burner of old heater, frequent pilot outage, lazy yellow flame,  headaches that go away when leaving house, and death of occupants. Immediately contact plumber to solve the backdraft problem. Power direct vent water heater might be required if proper venting is not possible.

If local codes require carbon monoxide detectors, the gas water heater installer must make sure that a hard wired carbon monoxide detector with an alarm and battery back-up is installed on the floor level where the gas equipment is to be installed ... and  additionally... that a battery operated or hard wired carbon monoxide detector with an alarm is installed on each additional level of the dwelling, building or structure.
It shall be the responsibility of the property owner to secure the services of qualified licensed professionals for the installation of hard wired carbon monoxide detectors.
If equipment is installed in a crawl space or attic, then the hard wired carbon monoxide detector with alarm and battery can be installed on the next adjacent floor level.

Each carbon monoxide detector should comply with NFPA 720 and be ANSI/ UL 2034 listed and be CSA certified.

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Hardwired carbon monoxide detector
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How to test water heater draft
Test flow of air going up the water heater vent

 Let main burner operate for 5 minutes.
Then put match near vent hood.
Smoke from match should get sucked into vent
See if smoke drafts immediately upward.
The smoke should not linger. It should draw upwards quickly.
If vent does not have draft or if furnace vent is blowing out of water heater vent when furnace turns on, then vent pipes must be repaired.

Test again with other vents in use: Turn on all vent fans, and blowers going to outside, including gas furnace, whole house vent fans, bath fan, range hood fan, etc, and recheck the vent pipe draft.
Resources
Read checking the draft
Water heater vent test/ pdf
Checking the draft
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